КАМПИ ФЛЕГРЕЙ: Супервулкан, убивший неандертальцев, проснулся под Неаполем

Campi Flegrei is not a mountain but a cauldron about thirteen kilometres wide, west of Naples. Thirty-nine thousand years ago it produced the largest eruption in Europe in the past two hundred thousand years: it threw out hundreds of cubic kilometres of ash, darkened the sky over the continent, and — by researchers' estimates — coincided with the final disappearance of the Neanderthals. This film is about the fact that the same cauldron never went away. Since 2005 the ground above it has been rising without pause; its crust, according to scientists, has lost roughly two-thirds of its strength; and on 30 June 2025 the strongest earthquake in forty years struck here, magnitude 4.6. Today half a million people live inside this crater. We examine what really happened forty thousand years ago, why the "killer volcano" version turned out to be more complicated than it seems, and what the unsettling signals the ground beneath Naples is sending right now actually mean. TIMESTAMPS 00:00 The volcano that darkened Europe 00:57 The cauldron beneath Naples 01:17 Monte Nuovo and the Roman columns 02:01 Ash across all of Europe 03:46 The Campanian Ignimbrite 06:01 Volcanic winter 07:34 Did the volcano kill the Neanderthals? 11:26 Ash in Greenland 14:47 Why catastrophes are more complex than they seem 15:26 Bradyseism: the earth breathes 17:46 Solfatara and the eruption of 1538 18:56 The crust loses its strength 20:54 The earthquakes of 2025–2026 22:57 Yellow alert level 24:35 The big question: when? SOURCES AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS Costa A., Folch A., Macedonio G., Giaccio B., Isaia R., Smith V. C. (2012). Quantifying volcanic ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L10310. DOI: 10.1029/2012GL051605 — A three-dimensional ash-dispersal model based on more than a hundred measurements: the eruption ejected 250–300 cubic kilometres of ash over an area of about 3.5 million square kilometres and, by the authors' conclusions, triggered a volcanic winter. Black B. A., Neely R. R., Manga M. (2015). Campanian Ignimbrite volcanism, climate, and the final decline of the Neanderthals. Geology, 43(5), 411–414. DOI: 10.1130/G36514.1 — Climate modelling showing that the strongest cooling shifted eastward and that a single eruption was not enough to explain the disappearance of the Neanderthals. Kilburn C. R. J., Carlino S., Danesi S., Pino N. A. (2023). Potential for rupture before eruption at Campi Flegrei caldera, Southern Italy. Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 190. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00842-1 — A crustal-rupture model (University College London and Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology): the caldera's crust moved from an elastic to an inelastic phase, and the 2017 forecast of rising seismicity was confirmed. Gianchiglia F., Ballirano P., Giaccio B. et al. (2025). Fine ash from the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption, ~40 ka, southern Italy: implications for dispersal mechanisms and health hazard. Scientific Reports, 15. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-01100-4 — Analysis of the fine ash and its fluorine-bearing component, which settled on plants and in the food chain. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Osservatorio Vesuviano. Campi Flegrei monitoring bulletins, 2024–2026; data on the magnitude-4.6 earthquake of 30 June 2025 and on the ground uplift of about 148 cm at Rione Terra (Pozzuoli). — terremoti.ingv.it Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (Italian Civil Protection). The current Campi Flegrei crisis: yellow alert level, chronology of seismicity 2023–2025. — rischi.protezionecivile.gov.it