ПЭКТУСАН 946: Извержение, стёршее целую цивилизацию и само исчезло из истории

1,080 years ago, on the border of present-day China and North Korea, one of the ten largest volcanic eruptions of the last 5,000 years took place. Almost no historical record of it survived. The exact date — late 946 CE, 2 November — was established by science only in 2017, through a carbon-14 anomaly in a single ring of a single subfossil larch. This film is a scientific investigation of the Millennium Eruption of Mount Paektu. One hundred cubic kilometres of rock hurled into the sky. A stratospheric ash column over thirty kilometres tall. Pyroclastic flows at around 700 degrees. A caldera holding Cheonji Lake, 373 metres deep. A dark layer of tephra in Greenlandic ice cores 8,000 kilometres from the volcano. The fall of the Kingdom of Bohai, vanished from historical memory. And a magma chamber still present beneath the mountain at four to eight kilometres depth. The film draws on the work of Clive Oppenheimer (Cambridge), James O. S. Hammond (Birkbeck, London), Sun Chunqing (Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), William Hutchison (St Andrews), Masataka Hakozaki (Nagoya) and dozens of other researchers who, over the past fifteen years, have reconstructed the picture of one of the greatest catastrophes in human history. CHAPTERS 00:00 A catastrophe forgotten for a thousand years 03:22 Paektu and the caldera of Cheonji Lake 04:58 How the eruption of 946 unfolded 06:34 Why the ancient chronicles fell silent 08:36 The vanished Kingdom of Bohai 09:46 Traces of the catastrophe in place of witnesses 11:00 Dead trees and the exact date of the eruption 14:07 The second blow to the Kingdom of Bohai 16:56 Cities abandoned after the ash rain 18:36 Paektu's ash in the ice of Greenland 20:38 Why no volcanic winter followed 22:38 The sleeping volcano and the magma beneath the lake 24:20 A threat to millions of people 25:14 Will we be ready SOURCES AND SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION — Oppenheimer C., Wacker L., Xu J. et al. (2017). Multi-proxy dating the 'Millennium Eruption' of Changbaishan to late 946 CE. Quaternary Science Reviews 158: 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2... Precise dating of the eruption through 172 rings of a subfossil larch and the cosmogenic carbon-14 spike of 774 CE. — Hakozaki M., Miyake F., Nakamura T. et al. (2018). Verification of the Annual Dating of the 10th Century Baitoushan Volcano Eruption Based on an AD 774–775 Radiocarbon Spike. Radiocarbon 60(1): 261–268. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journa... Independent verification of the 946 CE date through a second wood sample. — Sun C., Plunkett G., Liu J. et al. (2014). Ash from Changbaishan Millennium Eruption recorded in Greenland ice: Implications for determining the eruption's timing and impact. Geophysical Research Letters 41: 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058642 First detection of Paektu tephra in the Greenlandic NEEM-2011-S1 ice cores, 8,000 kilometres from the source. — Iacovino K., Hutchison W. et al. (2023). Reassessment of the sulfur and halogen emissions from the Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan (Paektu) volcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science... Reassessment of sulfur and halogen emissions — explaining why the catastrophe did not produce global cooling. — Aubry T.J., Engwell S. et al. (2024). Eruption plumes extended more than 30 km in altitude in both phases of the Millennium eruption of Paektu (Changbaishan) volcano. Communications Earth & Environment 5: 1–13. https://www.nature.com/articles/s4324... Modelling the height of the eruption column: 30–40 kilometres in both phases. — Ri K.-S., Hammond J.O.S., Ko C.-N. et al. (2016). Evidence for partial melt in the crust beneath Mt. Paektu (Changbaishan), Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China. Science Advances 2(4): e1501513. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501513 First seismic study from the North Korean side of the volcano; detection of a partial-melt zone beneath the caldera. — Hammond J.O.S., Wu J.-P., Ri K.-S. et al. (2020). Distribution of Partial Melt Beneath Changbaishan/Paektu Volcano, China/Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 21(1): e2019GC008461. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008461 Joint Chinese-Korean mapping of the magma reservoir at four to eight kilometres depth beneath the caldera. — Yang Z.H. et al. (2024). Climate Impacts of the Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan Volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 129: e2024JD040869. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040869 Contemporary modelling of the eruption's climatic consequences.