ЛАКИ 1783: Вулкан, чьё дыхание погубило половину Европы

On the eighth of June 1783, a fissure twenty-seven kilometres long opened in the south of Iceland. For eight months, lava and toxic gas poured from it without pause. By the end of the year, the haze from this eruption had covered London, Paris, Berlin and Rome — and roughly twenty thousand people died from it in England over the following year. This video reconstructs how a single volcanic event on an island of fifty thousand inhabitants killed tens of thousands of Europeans, dried up the Nile, weakened the Ethiopian monsoon, froze the Mississippi all the way to New Orleans, and — according to one scientific reading — became the physical trigger of the French Revolution six years later. Every figure in this video is drawn from six peer-reviewed studies published over the past thirty years in Bulletin of Volcanology, Geophysical Research Letters, PNAS and Scientific Reports. Contested estimates are marked as researchers' interpretations. TIMESTAMPS 00:00 The eighth of June 1783 01:34 Europe's forgotten catastrophe 03:42 The Fire Sermon and the death of Iceland 06:41 How the gas reached Europe 08:47 Ice cores and Laki's signature 10:33 London, Gilbert White and the deadly haze 12:38 Franklin and the first volcanic climatology 14:44 The Nile, the monsoon and the Egyptian famine 17:01 India, Japan and a frozen America 18:23 France on the brink of revolution 20:44 Was Laki the cause of the Bastille 23:02 Laki today and the monitoring of the rift 24:12 The modern recurrence scenario 26:02 243 years later SOURCES AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS ▸ Thordarson, T., Self, S. (1993). The Laki (Skaftár Fires) and Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785. Bulletin of Volcanology, 55(4), 233–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00624353 — Baseline reconstruction of the eruption's chronology and scale: 27 km fissure, 14.7 km³ of lava, eight months of activity ▸ Thordarson, T., Self, S., Óskarsson, N., Hulsebosch, T. (1996). Sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the 1783–1784 AD Laki (Skaftár Fires) eruption in Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology, 58, 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050136 — Source for the 122 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide and 8 million tonnes of fluorine released by Laki ▸ Witham, C. S., Oppenheimer, C. (2004). Mortality in England during the 1783–4 Laki Craters eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology, 67, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-03... — Analysis of parish registers: approximately twenty thousand excess deaths in England across two waves (August–September 1783 and January–February 1784) ▸ Oman, L., Robock, A., Stenchikov, G. L., Thordarson, T. (2006). High-latitude eruptions cast shadow over the African monsoon and the flow of the Nile. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L18711. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027665 — Climate modelling: the link between the Laki eruption and the historical low in the Nile's flow in 1783–1784 ▸ Schmidt, A., et al. (2011). Excess mortality in Europe following a future Laki-style Icelandic eruption. PNAS, 108(38), 15710–15715. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108569108 — A forecast for the consequences of a present-day Laki recurrence: 50–200 thousand excess deaths in Europe in the first year, according to modern atmospheric-chemistry models ▸ Balkanski, Y., et al. (2018). Mortality induced by PM2.5 exposure following the 1783 Laki eruption using reconstructed meteorological fields. Scientific Reports, 8, 15896. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34... — Reconstruction of meteorological fields and estimation of fine-particle mortality in continental Europe in the summer of 1783 Additional documentary sources referenced in the video: — The diary of Jón Steingrímsson, "Eldrit" (1788, Iceland) — Gilbert White's weather journal at Selborne (1783) — Benjamin Franklin's address to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1784) — The chronicle of Abd al-Razzaq al-Jabarti (Cairo, 1783–1784) — Arthur Young's "Travels in France" (1787–1789)