Global trends Chapter 1 Questions

Explanation: 1. 📜 Heywood defines nationalism as the doctrine asserting the nation as the basic political unit in organizing society, distinguishing it from state-focused doctrines. 2. 🤗 Nations are communities joined by shared identity and social practices, while states are political entities with territorial boundaries and governmental structures. 3. 🇬🇧 Jeremy Bentham coined "international" in 1783, also he used it in 1798 for international relations study. 4. ✍️ The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) established the principle of state sovereignty and formal equality, creating the modern state system. 5. ⛪️ The Catholic Church provided spiritual authority while the Holy Roman Empire claimed political authority over medieval Europe. 6. 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 The first chair was established at University of Wales in 1919 following WWI to understand how to prevent future wars. 7. 👤 Waltz's framework analyzes IR through individual, state, and international system levels, providing different analytical perspectives. 8. 🏠 Sovereignty involves both internal authority within territory and external recognition in the international community. 9. 🎭 Dahl's relational definition focuses on the ability to influence others' behavior, not just material capabilities. 10. 🚫 International anarchy means absence of overarching authority, not chaos - states must rely on self-help. 11. 🌟 These systems reflect the distribution of power among states: one dominant power, two superpowers, or multiple great powers. 12. 👼 Liberals believe humans are inherently good and capable of cooperation, contrasting with realist pessimism about human nature. 13. ⚔️ Morgenthau's 1948 work established classical realism with its focus on power as the central concept in international politics. 14. 🌍 Wendt argues that anarchy's meaning depends on what states make of it through their interactions and shared understandings. 15. 😈 The Hobbes vs. Locke debate about whether humans are naturally conflictual or cooperative still influences IR theory. 16. 📊 51 states signed the UN Charter in 1945, though membership has since grown to nearly 200 states. 17. 👑 Despite religious elements, the war was fundamentally about which power would dominate Europe after medieval institutions declined. 18. 🏭 Industrial revolution enabled mass production, creating need for new markets and driving European colonial expansion worldwide. 19. 🌍 MNCs operate across borders with headquarters in one state but activities in multiple others, influencing international relations. 20. 👤 Individual-level analysis examines personal motivations, psychology, and decision-making of key political actors. 21. 🎯 IR traditionally treats states as the central actors and reference point for understanding international politics. 22. 🌍 System-level analysis looks at global structure, power distribution, and how these constrain state behavior. 23. 📖 Carr's 1939 work criticized liberal "utopianism" and called for realistic analysis based on power and interest. 24. 🕊 Created after WWI, the League aimed to provide collective security and peaceful settlement of international disputes. 25. 🔧 International law provides mechanisms for interaction (operating system) and shapes values/goals (normative system). 26. 💰 Structuralism focuses on how capitalist international system creates dependency and exploitation of developing countries. 27. 📢 Critical theories challenge mainstream approaches and advocate for marginalized voices, especially women and Global South. 28. 🌍 Post-colonialism examines ongoing effects of colonialism and inequality between former colonial powers and colonies. 29. 🏛 Westphalian system established sovereign equality among states without overarching authority, creating modern international system. 30. 🤝 Interdependence means actors across borders rely on each other for ideas, goods, and services. 31. 📜 This phrase represented revolutionary concept of popular sovereignty that would have been impossible under monarchical rule. 32. 🌍 Current count shows 195 independent states, though this number can change with recognition disputes. 33. 🗞 IR study helps people understand complex global events and participate meaningfully in important international debates. 34. ⚔️ States emerged by asserting independence from both local feudal authorities and universal institutions (Church, Empire). 35. 🗳 Democratic peace theory argues democracies don't fight each other because citizens rarely desire war. 36. 🌍 Neorealism focuses on how international system structure constrains state behavior rather than internal state characteristics. 37. ⚔️ Hobbes described pre-government life as constant fear and conflict, requiring social contracts to create order. 38. 🌍 Technology enables individuals to interact across borders and engage in political activity beyond state control. 39. 🌍 Trans-national emphasizes interactions that transcend state boundaries rather than just occurring between states.