Global trends Chapter 2 Questions

Explanation: 1. 🎯 National interest is identified as the main driving force behind foreign policy decisions, serving as the raison d'état. 2. 🔮 Holsti specifically defines national interest as future-oriented aspirations and conditions governments seek to achieve 3. 👨‍🎓 Plato believed that philosopher kings with trained advisors could make optimal decisions for the public good without being corrupted by power. Democratic majorities and other groups lack this wisdom according to his theory. 4. 🏃 The synoptic approach involves bold, comprehensive changes while incremental involves cautious, step-by-step modifications. These are the two main operational philosophies described in decision-making literature. 5. 🎪 Partisan criteria specifically involves equating political party, ethnic, or religious group success with national success. 6. ⚔️ Morgenthau, a realist, emphasized that national interest should be defined pragmatically in terms of power pursuit rather than moral, legal, or ideological considerations. 7. 🌐 Idealists advocate for global institutions and solutions to address cross-cutting problems that transcend national boundaries, unlike realists who focus on state-centric approaches. 8. 🎯 Rochester defines foreign policy as priorities and percepts that serve as guidelines for international affairs decisions. Economic indicators and party platforms are not comprehensive enough. 9. 🛡 Morgenthau argues that survival is the minimum goal, as states must first preserve their existence before pursuing other objectives like economic growth or global influence. 10. ⚡️ Core interests are short-range because other goals cannot be realized if the state's existence is not first ensured. They require immediate attention and protection. 11. 🏠 Middle-range objectives focus on domestic welfare needs that require international cooperation due to limited national resources and capabilities for self-sufficiency. 12. 🌐 Long-range goals involve universal demands aimed at reconstructing entire international systems according to ideological visions, unlike particular bilateral demands. 13. 🎯 Wolfers identifies three patterns: self-preservation, self-extension, and self-abnegation. This framework covers the spectrum of possible foreign policy behaviors. 14. 🛡 The US maintains the international system it helped create post-WWII, exemplifying self-preservation by defending the status quo that serves its interests. 15. 🎯 These three dimensions (alignment, scope, modus operandi) provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing foreign policy behavior patterns across different states. 16. Switzerland maintained extreme neutrality by avoiding international commitments, including UN membership until 2002, unlike other neutral countries with more flexible approaches. 17.🌍Major powers have the capability and resources to project influence globally, unlike regional actors who focus primarily on neighboring countries. 18.🤝Multilateralism involves seeking solutions through forums with multiple state participants, such as the UN, rather than bilateral or unilateral approaches. 19. 💬 Diplomatic bargaining aims to find mutually acceptable solutions to conflicting priorities through negotiation rather than zero-sum competition. 20.💍This approach combines positive incentives (carrots) like rewards and promises with negative incentives (sticks) like threats and punishments to influence behavior. 21.💰Economic instruments exploit dependencies and needs to influence state behavior through rewards or punishments, leveraging economic relationships for political objectives. 22.📊Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods for revenue, protection, or political purposes, distinct from quotas, bans, or loan agreements. 23. 🚫 Boycotts eliminate imports from target countries while embargos prohibit exports to them, representing different directions of trade restriction. 24. ⛪️ Tewodros sought Western Christian recognition and assistance for modernization, particularly from Britain, appealing on religious grounds against Muslim threats. 25. Both Italian expansionism from Massawa and ongoing Muslim threats from Egypt and Sudan posed existential challenges to Ethiopian territorial integrity. 26.🏆 Adwa was historically significant as the first African victory over a European colonial power, leading to international recognition of Ethiopian independence. 27.🌍Ethiopia joined the League of Nations in 1923 under Regent Teferi Mekonen (later Haile Selassie) for protection against Italian threats. 28. The US became Ethiopia's primary patron after 1953, providing military aid and security guarantees in exchange for base rights in Eritrea. 29.⭐️The military regime (Dergue) adopted Marxist-Leninist ideology, shaping its alliance with the Soviet Union and socialist countries. 30.The Soviet Union became the primary patron after 1977, providing massive military aid during the Ogaden War and internal conflicts... @paratesr123 on telegram