⭐️毛澤東支持台獨！？蔣經國、海倫凱勒、畢卡索都曾支持社會主義？蘇聯、中共其實是黨國資本主義？AI時代，馬克思理論再次引發熱議？/ Gregory Claeys《馬克思與馬克思主義》

📣Leave a comment and share this post for a chance to win a copy of *Marx and Marxism*. 📅The giveaway runs for one week: February 20, 2026 - February 27, 2026. 👍 Thank you to Wheatfield Publishing House for their generous donation! Key excerpts from this volume: 1️⃣Social Democracy: Bernstein and Kautsky argued that capitalism might not collapse, but could improve distribution through parliamentary reform, abandon revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, and emphasize democracy and alliances. Social democracy was criticized by Lenin as a compromise with the bourgeoisie. The Nordic model and many Western left-wing politicians today follow this line. 2️⃣Leninism: Lenin emphasized a "revolutionary vanguard party" and a high degree of centralization, believing that class consciousness needed to be instilled by political parties, rather than formed spontaneously. He dissolved the Constituent Assembly, established a secret police, and suppressed the opposition. The Klonstadt Uprising of 1921 became a key turning point towards totalitarianism. Ultimately, the New Economic Policy was implemented, partially returning to the market. 3️⃣ Stalin vs. Trotskyism Trotsky advocated "permanent revolution," emphasizing the internationalization of revolution, while Stalin championed "socialism within a single country." Trotsky faced exile and assassination, while the Soviet Union developed into a highly totalitarian regime with a system of purges. 4️⃣ Western Marxism The Frankfurt School reflected on why economic crises did not lead to revolution but rather to fascism. Enlightenment rationality ultimately led to the scientification of Nazism; Adorno called this paradox "the dialectic of the Enlightenment." Marx proposed "false needs" and "one-dimensional man" to criticize capitalist manipulation, which is essentially not much different from Soviet totalitarianism. 5️⃣ Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Mao Zedong believed that the main force of revolution was the peasantry, not the industrial proletariat. Lacking sufficient capitalist development, this differed from Marx's original conception, leading to massive social upheavals such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up shifted towards market mechanisms, making modern China closer to party-state capitalism. 6️⃣ Conclusion The notion of "communism = totalitarianism" primarily originates from the Leninist model, not Marx himself. Marx's ideal emphasized the self-liberation of the proletariat, bottom-up democratic control, and the eventual withering away of the state. However, 20th-century experiments have shifted towards centralized power in party-states, one-party dictatorships, and the strengthening of the state rather than its withering away. @musicforvideolibrary