History (and basics) of High-Definition tDCS (HD-tDCS)

Dr. Marom Bikson, co-inventor of High-Definition tDCS (HD-tDCS), explains in simple and clear terms how HD-tDCS was invented and how it works. Starting with current flow models that showed conventional (sponge pad based) tDCS produced diffuse brain current flow, and then models of HD-tDCS that showed focal brain current flow. Along the way, High-Definition (HD) electrodes were invented, and the models were validated. 4x1 HD-tDCS can be as focal at Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), while being portable low-power and wearable. For more details on how to optimize HD-tDCS see this video:    • Optimizing brain targeting with HD-tDCS (h...   For more details on how tDCS (sub-threshold stimulation) works see this video:    • Subthreshold Neuromodulation: How "low" in...   For a more technical and detailed look at HD-tDCS and models see this video:    • transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES):...