AULA DE FARMACOLOGIA - Mecanismo de ação dos hipoglicemiantes orais

Come learn real Pharmacology and apply everything you learn in practice! Become an R2A: https://farmacologiafacil.com/farmaco... Oral hypoglycemic agents are medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to help control blood glucose levels. They are administered orally and may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications or insulin, depending on the patient's needs. Here are some common classes of oral hypoglycemic agents: Sulfonylureas: These medications stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin. Examples include glibenclamide, glimepiride, and glipizide. Biguanides: Metformin is the most common biguanide and works by reducing glucose production by the liver and improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Medications such as acarbose and miglitol help decrease glucose absorption in the small intestine, slowing carbohydrate digestion. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs or glitazones): Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are examples of TZDs. These medications improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin belong to this class. They act by reducing glucose reabsorption by the kidneys and increasing glucose excretion in the urine. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors: Sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and vildagliptin are examples of DPP-4. These medications increase levels of incretin, a hormone that stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon production. GLP-1 receptor agonists (glucagon-like peptide-1): Exenatide, liraglutide, and dulaglutide are GLP-1 agonists. They also increase incretin levels, promoting insulin release and reducing glucagon production. Fixed combinations: Some medications combine two or more classes of oral hypoglycemic agents in a single formulation to provide more comprehensive control of glucose levels. It is important to emphasize that the choice of oral hypoglycemic agent depends on several factors, such as the individual patient's response, medical history, presence of concomitant medical conditions, and personal preferences. Diabetes treatment should be personalized and monitored by healthcare professionals, such as doctors and endocrinologists. Furthermore, lifestyle changes, including diet and physical activity, also play a crucial role in diabetes management.