1.78 Экономические реформы Горбачева (1987–1989)

"The Most Instructive Century" opens the lecture series on the "Cultural Code" channel. Historian Alexander Shubin talks about the 20th century – the most dramatic and tragic in Russian history. An exceptional experience that will be useful to all of us in the 21st century. Lecture 78. Gorbachev's Economic Reforms (1987–1989) The Devil in the Details? Gorbachev and his team are attempting to combine planning, the market, and industrial democracy. The Law on State Enterprises provides greater autonomy, introducing the election of directors and workforce councils. But can an enterprise operate "in a market-based manner" if raw materials are distributed, prices are set, and the bulk of its output must be manufactured by state order? Cooperatives must fill the empty niches of the Soviet economy. But without their own raw materials base and separate infrastructure, cooperatives become "hangers-on" to the state sector. Gorbachev's inner circle debates how to reconcile enterprise freedom and control: Ryzhkov insists on state procurement, while Yakovlev sets the general direction – more freedom and more markets. Why was a full-fledged market never introduced in the USSR? How did the "managerial revolution" change Soviet enterprises? Why did the reform produce its initial effects – and then lay the foundations for future failure? #perestroika #cooperative #economicreform 0:00 IT company Aston presents and previews the series 0:24 Gorbachev: How to reconcile personal and public interests? 3:01 Why the USSR Can't Simply Be Allowed into Capitalism 5:32 "Frankenstein's Child": The Risk of Mixed Reform 7:40 The Post-Industrial Challenge That Wasn't Seen 8:39 Ryzhkov, Yakovlev, and Pavlov: Who Prepared the Reform 11:28 Debates on Reform: Letters, Clubs, and Criticism 14:42 Ryzhkov, State Contracts, and the Fear of Losing Control 17:16 The Law on State Enterprises 18:37 1989: The Problems of Economic Reform 20:09 Why the Market Was Never Introduced 24:52 Freedom of the Enterprise – and 85% of State Contracts 26:38 Why the Workforce is Involved in Management 29:16 Director Elections and the Workforce Council 34:16 Connections Are More Important Than the Program: The Logic of Director Elections 37:02 "Managerial Revolution" at Soviet Enterprises 41:37 Wages, Shortages, and Weak Self-Government Control 46:22 Cooperatives as a Chance to Fill Empty Niches 47:08 Cooperatives Clinging to the State Sector 50:39 Cooperatives in Consumer Services 56:27 Primitive Accumulation or Plunder? 1:00:23 Cooperatives Becoming Private Enterprises 1:05:19 Rural Leases and the "Silent Death" of the Agro-Industrial Complex 1:09:32 The Law on Cooperatives: An Economic Bomb 1:12:56 Joint Ventures and the End of the Foreign Trade Monopoly 1:16:16 April 1, 1989: Enterprises Enter the Foreign Market 1:21:15 Five Reasons for the Failure of Economic Reform 1:25:04 From Economic to Political Reform?