Black crowned night heron 夜鷺

Location : Penang, Malaysia, 夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax),是鸟纲、鹭科、夜鹭属的一种鸟类,别名水洼子、灰洼子、苍鳽、星鳽、夜鹤 。作为一种中等大小的水栖禽类,夜鹭体长约46至60厘米,体重约700克,喙部尖细,头和身体连接的颈部较短,身体粗胖,腿部较长 ;体色上,其额部、头顶、后颈、肩部一直延伸到背部呈现出较为醒目的绿黑色,腰部、两翅、尾羽和胸部为淡灰色,腹部承接胸部的淡灰色过渡为白色. 夜鹭广泛分布于北美洲、南美洲、欧亚大陆及非洲,全球共有4个亚种,它们是我国中部、东部、南部各省区湿地中常见的鸟类 。夜鹭喜欢结群活动,常成小群于清晨、黄昏和夜间活动,白天结群隐藏于密林中僻静处,或分散成小群栖在僻静处 ;夜鹭主要以鱼、蛙、虾、水生昆虫等动物性食物为食;夜鹭的繁殖期为4-7月,每窝产卵3-5枚,通常4枚。卵为卵圆形和椭圆形,蓝绿色,平均大小为44毫米×35毫米,重22-27克,平均24克。第一枚卵产出后夜鹭即开始孵卵,由雌雄亲鸟共同承担,以雌鸟为主,孵化期21-22天 。雏鸟刚孵出时身上被有白色稀疏的绒羽,经过30多天,雏鸟即能飞翔和离巢 。 作为一种中等大小的水栖禽类,夜鹭体长约46至60厘米,体重约700克,喙部尖细,头和身体连接的颈部较短,身体粗胖,腿部较长,但与其他水鸟细长的双腿相比略显粗短 。 头顶、后颈、枕、羽冠及背部黑色,枕部具2-3根狭白色冠羽,下体白色翅及尾羽灰色;颏、喉白色,颊、颈侧、胸和两胁淡灰色,腹白色,虹膜血红色,眼先裸露部黄绿色,嘴黑色,跗跖和趾黄色 。 夜鹭雌雄同色,幼鸟具褐色纵纹及点斑,虹膜黄色,成鸟变为红色,腿亦由黄绿色变成红黄色 。幼鸟直到第三年才长出完整的成年羽毛 。 夜鹭是中型涉禽,栖息、活动于平原和低山丘陵地区的溪流、水塘、江河、沼泽和水田地上附近的大树、竹林,白天常隐蔽在沼泽、灌丛或林间,晨昏和夜间活动 。 分布于欧洲大陆、非洲、马达加斯加,往东经小亚细亚、印度、印度尼西亚、亚洲中部、南部,一直到俄罗斯远东滨海边疆区、朝鲜和日本 。 部分留鸟,部分迁徙 。繁殖于海南岛、台湾、广东、香港、福建等南部省区的种群多为留鸟,不迁徙 。广西、云南、贵州、四川繁殖的种群部分为留鸟,部分为夏候鸟 。北方地区繁殖的种群全为夏候鸟 [17]。 通常于3月中下旬即陆续迁到北部繁殖地,秋季于9月末10月初迁离繁殖地 [17]。常在傍晚或夜间鸣叫,傍晚和黄昏三五成群飞行,偶尔也见有单个飞翔的,特别是雨前或阴雨天的下午以及晚上迁徙最为频繁 。 习性 夜出性。喜结群,常成小群于晨、昏和夜间活动,白天结群隐藏于密林中僻静处,或分散成小群栖息在僻静的山坡、水库或湖中小岛上的灌丛或高大树木的枝叶丛中,偶尔也见有单独活动和栖息的。常缩着脖子站立不动,或梳理羽毛和在枝间走动,有时亦单腿站立,身体呈驼背状。如无干扰或未受到威胁,一般不离开隐居地。常常待人走至跟前时才突然从树叶丛中冲出,边飞边鸣,鸣声单调而粗犷 。 集群 夜鹭在繁殖季节之外的聚集行为在不同的地区不尽相同,有一些种群除繁殖时期外,保持独居状态,而美国地区的一些种群全年保持高度群居的状态,聚集成数百甚至数千只的大群 。 觅食 夜鹭主要以小鱼、小虾、水生昆虫等动物性食物为食,通常于黄昏后从栖息地分散成小群出来,三三两两于水边浅水处涉水觅食,也单独伫立在水中树桩或树枝上等候猎物,眼睛紧紧地凝视着水中随时出击捕食 。 夜鹭懂得运用诱饵捕食,早在1996年,动物学家就在加州观察到一只夜鹭利用面包屑做诱饵,自己静静在待在一边,坐等鱼上当 。 夜鹭属于晚成鸟,刚出生的一段时间内要在巢中等待着爸爸妈妈把从远处捕捉的鱼带回巢中喂给它们 。夜鹭生长速度很快,几天后就能在巢内活动 [22]。雏鸟刚孵出时身上被有白色稀疏的绒羽,经过30多天,雏鸟即能飞翔和离巢 。 繁殖方式 繁殖期为4-7月,通常筑巢于各种高大的树上,成群在一起营群巢,也常与白鹭、池鹭、牛背鹭和苍鹭等其他鹭类一起成混合群营巢。同一棵树上少则几个至十几个,多则数十个甚至上百个巢。夜鹭还具有利用旧巢的习性 ,雌雄亲鸟共同参与营巢,巢主要由枯枝和草茎构成,结构较为简单,呈盘状 。 夜鹭每窝产卵3-5枚,通常4枚。卵为卵圆形和椭圆形,蓝绿色,平均大小为44毫米x35毫米,重22-27克,平均24克。第一枚卵产出后夜鹭即开始孵卵,由雌雄亲鸟共同承担,以雌鸟为主,孵化期21-22天。雏鸟刚孵出时身上被有白色稀疏的绒羽,经过30多天,雏鸟即能飞翔和离巢 。 夜鹭通常于3月中下旬即陆续迁到北部繁殖地,秋季于9月末10月初迁离繁殖地 The black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) [or black-capped night heron[citation needed]], commonly shortened to just night heron in Eurasia, is a medium-sized heron found throughout a large part of the world, including parts of Europe, Asia, and North and South America. In Australasia it is replaced by the closely related Nankeen night heron (N. caledonicus), with which it has hybridised in the area of contact. Adults have a black crown and back with the remainder of the body white or grey, red eyes, and short yellow legs. They have pale grey wings and white under parts. One to eight (mostly two to four) long slender white plumes, erected in greeting and courtship displays, extend from the back of the head. The sexes are similar in appearance although the males are slightly larger. Black-crowned night herons do not fit the typical body form of the heron family. They are relatively stocky with shorter bills, legs, and necks than their more familiar cousins, the egrets and "day" herons. Their resting posture is normally somewhat hunched but when hunting they extend their necks and look more like other wading birds. For a short period during courtship at the start of the nesting season, the legs of adults turn bright salmon-pink, and the bare skin around the eyes blue. The subspecies differ little; nominate N. n. nycticorax and N. n. hoactli are particularly similar in plumage (some authors have considered N. n. hoactli a synonym of the nominate), but the latter is on average slightly larger. N. n obscurus is the most distinctive subspecies, clearly darker than N. n. hoactli from further north in South America, but N. n. falklandicus is intermediate, with both paler and darker individuals occurring. Immature birds have dull grey-brown plumage on their heads, wings, and backs, with numerous pale "teardrop" spots. Their underparts are paler and streaked with brown. Second and third year birds attain plumages increasingly similar to adults, but lacking the white head plumes. The young birds have orange eyes and duller yellowish-green legs. They are very noisy birds in their nesting colonies, with calls that are commonly transcribed as quok or woc.