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In 2008, scientists detected arsenic levels in the hair of an emperor from 100 years prior—2,000 times higher than those found in a normal person. The Guangxu Emperor of the Qing Dynasty did not die of illness; he was poisoned. And the woman who had imprisoned him for his entire life passed away exactly 22 hours later. Empress Dowager Cixi. We remember her as a cruel and extravagant villainess. But what if a significant portion of that image originated from the lies of a British forger and the propaganda of her political rivals who were defeated by her? A tyrant who trampled on reform and a pioneer who completed it; a murderer who threw a concubine into a well and a reformer who ended a thousand years of imperial examinations—all these were contained within one person. Science has unraveled the history of the events, but the history of memory remains unresolved. When we look at her, are we seeing a woman? Or are we seeing a monster created by someone? 🕒 Timeline 00:00 The Mystery of the Poisoning of Emperor Guangxu 03:00 The Villainess Image Surrounding Empress Dowager Cixi 06:30 Backhouse's Forgery and False Records 10:00 Empress Dowager Cixi's Seizure of Power and Regency 14:00 The First Sino-Japanese War and the Controversy Over the 60th Birthday Celebration 17:00 The Hundred Days' Reform and the Confinement of Emperor Guangxu 20:30 The Boxer Rebellion and the Death of Concubine Zhen 23:30 Empress Dowager Cixi's Belated Reforms and the Death of Emperor Guangxu 26:00 Is the Empress Dowager Cixi in Our Memories the Real One? References Forensic Investigation Report on Emperor Guangxu's Arsenic Poisoning (Compilation Committee of the History of the Qing Dynasty · Chinese Atomic Energy Research Institute · Beijing Police, 2008) CNN · NPR Reports (November 2008) Hugh Trevor-Roper, Hermit of Peking (1976) J.O.P. Bland & Edmund Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager (1910) Jung Chang, Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China (2013) Pamela Kyle Crossley, Book Review (London Review of Books, 2014) *Gao Shi of the Qing Dynasty*, Biography of Empresses and Consorts · Annals of Emperor Dezong Liang Qichao, Ji of the Political Changes of the Year Wuxu #EmpressDowagerCixi #EmpressDowagerCixi #QingDynasty #GuangxuEmperor #ChineseHistory #HistoricalMystery #PoisoningCase #WorldHistory #HistoryStories #ForbiddenCity