Прогулка по A Walk Around San Marino Old Town

San Marino (Italian: San Marino), officially the Republic of San Marino (Italian: Repubblica di San Marino), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is one of the smallest states in the world. Located in Southern Europe, it is surrounded by Italy on all sides. Within its current borders, San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. The state claims to be the oldest sovereign state in the world. San Marino is not a member of either NATO or the EU, but it has open borders with the latter, is in a customs union with it, and is a member of the Eurozone, with the right to issue the euro and mint its own coins. According to legend, in 301, a Christian named Marino, fleeing persecution by Emperor Diocletian, founded a religious community independent of both the emperor and the pope. It later evolved into a republic named after its founder, who was canonized during his lifetime: San Marino (San Marino)—"Saint Marin." Monte Titano with its towers is one of the symbols of San Marino. The climate is subtropical monsoon. The average summer temperature is 24°C, while the winter temperature is around 4°C. However, due to the country's elevated position, even in extreme heat it remains cool, and at night in winter the temperature can drop to -6°C. Precipitation is 800-900 mm per year, mostly in the autumn and winter. Snow falls occasionally in winter, but it doesn't last long. The country has 220 km of roads. The legendary founding of San Marino dates back to the early 4th century. According to legend, in 301, a stonemason named Marinus, a member of one of the first Christian communities from the island of Rab in the Adriatic Sea (present-day Croatia), sought refuge with his friends in the Apennines, atop Monte Titano. He discovered quarries in the mountain and then, seeking solitude, built himself a small cell on its summit and withdrew from the world. The fame of his holy life attracted crowds of pilgrims, and soon a small monastery arose near his cell. This monastery, named after its founder, Saint Marinus, undoubtedly existed by the late 6th century and lived an independent life, politically independent of any of its neighbors. San Marino has formally been considered an independent state since September 3, 301. In fact, any independence of the founded settlement can only be considered from the 6th century onward, when Italy disintegrated into a multitude of dependent and independent territories. During the first centuries of its existence, San Marino was under the protectorate of the neighboring Duchy of Urbino, but gained independence in 855. The heads of state are traditionally two captains regent, elected for six-month terms. San Marino is often called the oldest continuously operating republic on the planet. During World War I, the Republic of San Marino became an ally of the Entente. During World War II, the republic remained neutral, despite close collaboration with the Italian fascists. On June 26, 1944, British aircraft bombed the territory of the small state, based on erroneous intelligence that San Marino had been captured by German troops and was being used as a supply base. Britain did not officially declare war on the republic. However, in September of that year, San Marino was indeed briefly occupied by the Germans, and later that month, British troops were forced to liberate the small state during the Battle of Monte Pulito. In 1951, the San Marino government decided to open a casino and build a high-powered television and radio station. Italy protested and declared a blockade of San Marino. The small state was forced to give in. In 1953, Italy and San Marino signed a treaty prohibiting the establishment of gambling establishments, television, and radio stations on its territory. Only in 1987 did Italy allow San Marino to establish its own television center and even provided a loan for its construction and maintenance. In 1991, an agreement was concluded between San Marino, Italy, and the European Union, obliging San Marino to comply with EU Commission regulations. From then on, the small state became essentially dependent on the European Union. In 2004, an agreement was signed in Brussels (entered into force on July 1, 2005), which provides for the exchange of information on suspected tax evasion. In 2000, San Marino adopted a new citizenship law that prohibited the transmission of citizenship through the female line. In 2009, a new agreement between San Marino and Italy equalized labor rights for San Marino citizens and Italian citizens, and established the joint operation of Rimini Airport between the two countries. In 2011, San Marino's dependence on the Council of Europe also became apparent. PACE blocked the mandate of the San Marino delegation because it included too few women. Subsequently, that same year, San Marino passed a law stipulating that at least a third of each party list must be allocated to women.