A Guide to Diplomacy

Gain a comprehensive understanding of how States conduct their affairs to ensure peaceful relations and safeguard national interests with this overview based on the authoritative "ABC of Diplomacy" publication from the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA). What You Will Learn: The Foundation of Global Relations: Diplomacy is the fundamental means by which States conduct their affairs, focusing on the promotion of political, economic, cultural, or scientific relations, as well as the international commitment to defend human rights and the peaceful settlement of disputes. We explore two primary modes: • Bilateral Diplomacy: Communication occurring between two States. • Multilateral Diplomacy: Contacts involving several States, often formalized within the institutional structure of an international organisation, a growing area reflecting the ongoing process of globalisation. Legal and Historical Context: Learn how diplomacy has evolved since ancient times, with archives dating back to the 13th century BC in Egypt, and the establishment of permanent diplomatic missions during the Renaissance in the 15th century. The modern conduct of diplomatic affairs is codified by key international conventions, including the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. Beyond these treaties, many unwritten rules and customs exist to ensure the smoothest possible communication between States. Key Concepts Explained: This overview delves into some of the most important and frequently used terms in international affairs, including: • Accreditation Procedure: The process by which an ambassador is accepted as a persona grata by the receiving State. • Consular Protection and Diplomatic Protection: Understanding the difference between a State defending the rights of its citizens abroad and a State asserting its own right regarding a violation of international law. • Embassy: Serving as both the appointed staff and the premises for carrying out diplomatic functions, covering political, legal, economic, financial, and cultural relations. • Privileges and Immunities: The prerogatives and tax exemptions accorded to diplomatic staff and their families, crucial for enabling them to perform their duties independently of the receiving State. • International Law: The body of rules governing relations between States, based on both International treaties and Customary international law. • Neutrality: The legal status defining the rights and duties of a State that renounces participation in armed conflict, as supported by the Hague Conventions of 1907. The Swiss Perspective: The source highlights Switzerland's extensive diplomatic engagement, noting that the modern Confederation began building its professional network in the late 19th century. As of 2008, Switzerland maintains more than 150 missions and posts abroad. Switzerland’s commitment to multilateralism is evident in its long-standing membership in UN specialised agencies and its role in organizations like the Council of Europe (since 1963) and the United Nations (UN) (since 2002). Switzerland also plays a special role as a Depositary of the Geneva Conventions and frequently carries out mandates as a Protecting power. Explore the terminology and complex concepts governing the conduct of international affairs, from the principle of Pacta sunt servanda (Treaties are to be honoured) to the procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes.