제31강: 5년전에 이미 예견된 바이러스

#Coronavirus #covid19 Let's learn about the virus developed through reverse genetics experiments to study the treatment of a novel virus, along with a paper published in Nature Medicine in 2015. The viral mutation rate cited in this video, published in LANCET, has been corrected to 0.01% - 0.02%. The original Nature Medicine paper can be found at the link below: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.3985 Dear and beloved viewers, here is a more detailed explanation of the paper above. The emergence of SARS-CoV heralded a new era in the cross-species transmission of severe respiratory illness with globalization, leading to rapid spread around the world and massive economic impact.3,4 Since then, several strains—including influenza A strains H5N1, H1N1 and H7N9 and MERS-CoV—have emerged from animal populations, causing considerable disease, mortality and economic hardship for the afflicted regions5. Although public health measures were able to stop the SARS-CoV outbreak4, recent metagenomics studies have identified sequences of closely related SARS-like viruses circulating in Chinese bat populations that may pose a future threat1,6. However, sequence data alone provides minimal insights to identify and prepare for future prepandemic viruses. Therefore, to examine the emergence potential (that is, the potential to infect humans) of circulating bat CoVs, we built a chimeric virus encoding a novel, zoonotic CoV spike protein—from the RsSHC014-CoV sequence that was isolated from Chinese horseshoe bats1—in the context of the SARS-CoV mouseadapted backbone. The hybrid virus allowed us to evaluate the ability of the novel spike protein to cause disease independently of other necessary adaptive mutations in its natural backbone. Using this approach, we characterized CoV infection mediated by the SHC014 spike protein in primary human airway cells and in vivo, and tested the efficacy of available immune therapeutics against SHC014-CoV. Together, the strategy translates metagenomics data to help predict and prepare for future emergent viruses. The emergence of animal-to-human coronaviruses that cause acute respiratory syndromes, such as SARS (referring to SARS in 2002), heralded a new era in which such diseases spread globally and wreaked havoc on the economy. Later (here, "after" refers to influenza A viruses such as H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9), as well as MERS, emerged from animals, causing significant human casualties and economic losses in some regions. Metagenetics recently discovered that a SARS-like virus, which could pose a significant threat to humanity in the future, is circulating among bats in China. (Metogenomics, in this context, refers to a type of environmental genetics that involves collecting animal samples, analyzing virus samples, and comparing them.) However, analyzing and comparing the base sequences of collected virus samples alone is limited in predicting whether future coronavirus variants emerging from bats could infect humans. Therefore, our research team created a chimeric virus in the laboratory, a hybrid virus that produces the spike protein responsible for the coronavirus circulating in Chinese horseshoe bats, which infects both animals and humans. This virus model allowed us to observe the disease-causing function of the newly transplanted bat spike protein (SHC014 spike protein) independently, independent of natural mutations. After infecting human respiratory epithelial cells and laboratory mice with this novel virus, we tested the efficacy of various immunotherapies developed for the bat coronavirus (SHC014-CoV), including vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. (Commentary) Even at this point, the research team's experiments can be broadly divided into three parts. They created a hybrid coronavirus expressing the bat spike protein. Since they predicted this would cause a future human epidemic, they infected human epithelial cells and mice with it to confirm its ability to cause disease. They then tested whether immunotherapies already developed for this disease could treat or prevent the disease. This makes it clear that my interpretation that their intention was to develop a treatment for a novel bat-derived coronavirus that could emerge in the future isn't just a rumor or fake news. If the treatment had been proven effective, pharmaceutical companies would develop these drugs for human use. They already anticipated this virus as a potential problem and developed a treatment, but it hasn't proven effective. Of course, the paper doesn't describe how or by whom it was created. It seems likely that the lack of effectiveness led to its publication. What's shocking about this study is that it reveals that the currently circulating COVID-19 virus is 89% similar to a bat-derived virus, a finding predicted five years ago. Our approach also unlocks the use of metagenomics data to predict viral emergence and apply this knowledge in preparing to treat future emerging virus infections. (Tr...