22. Bagging and Random Forests

We motivate bagging as follows: Consider the regression case, and suppose we could create a bunch (say B) prediction functions based on independent training samples of size n. If we average together these prediction functions, the expected value of the average is the same as any one of the functions, but the variance would have decreased by a factor of 1/B -- a clear win! Of course, this would require an overall sample of size nB. The idea of bagging is to replace independent samples with bootstrap samples from a single data set of size n. Of course, the bootstrap samples are not independent, so much of our discussion is about when bagging does and does not lead to improved performance. Random forests were invented as a way to create conditions in which bagging works better. More...Although it's hard to find crisp theoretical results describing when bagging helps, conventional wisdom says that it helps most for models that are "high variance", which in this context means the prediction function may change a lot when you train with a new random sample from the same distribution, and "low bias", which basically means fitting the training data well. Large decision trees have these characteristics and are usually the model of choice for bagging. Random forests are just bagged trees with one additional twist: only a random subset of features are considered when splitting a node of a tree. The hope, very roughly speaking, is that by injecting this randomness, the resulting prediction functions are less dependent, and thus we'll get a larger reduction in variance. In practice, random forests are one of the most effective machine learning models in many domains. Access the full course at https://bloom.bg/2ui2T4q