Applied Biochemistry: Unit 2 Lipid: Lecture 9: Atherosclerosis

🫀 ATHEROSCLEROSIS | Complete Lecture | Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, Diagnosis & Prevention | Biochemistry Welcome to **@ATPunlimited**! In this comprehensive lecture, we explore **Atherosclerosis**, one of the leading causes of **coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease**. This lecture is designed according to the syllabus of **B.Sc. Nursing, GNM, ANM, Post Basic Nursing, M.Sc. Nursing, MBBS, BMLT, DMLT, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, and other Allied Health Science courses**. Using *standard medical textbooks* and **evidence-based literature**, this session explains the molecular and clinical aspects of atherosclerosis in a simple, exam-oriented manner. 📚 Topics Covered ✅ Definition of Atherosclerosis ✅ Epidemiology ✅ Arteries Commonly Affected Coronary arteries Carotid arteries Cerebral arteries Aorta Iliac arteries Femoral arteries Popliteal arteries Renal arteries ✅ Etiology and Risk Factors Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Increasing age Male sex Family history Genetic predisposition Ethnicity Modifiable Risk Factors Hypercholesterolemia Increased LDL cholesterol Increased VLDL Hypertriglyceridemia Low HDL cholesterol Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Cigarette smoking Obesity Sedentary lifestyle Unhealthy diet Chronic inflammation Stress Excess alcohol consumption 🔬 Pathogenesis (Ross's Response-to-Injury Hypothesis) Step 1. Endothelial Dysfunction Step 2. LDL Infiltration and Oxidation Step 3. Monocyte Recruitment Step 4. Foam Cell Formation Step 5. Cytokine Release Step 6. Smooth Muscle Cell Migration Step 7. Mature Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation Step 8. Plaque Progression Step 9. Plaque Rupture and Thrombus Formation 🩺 Morphology Gross Appearance Yellow fatty streaks Raised fibrofatty plaques Calcified plaques Ulcerated plaques Microscopic Features Endothelial injury Foam cells Cholesterol clefts Smooth muscle proliferation Fibrous cap Necrotic lipid core Calcification Neovascularization ❤️ Clinical Manifestations Coronary Arteries Stable angina Unstable angina Myocardial infarction Sudden cardiac death Cerebral Arteries Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Ischemic stroke Cognitive impairment Peripheral Arteries Intermittent claudication Rest pain Gangrene Limb ischemia Renal Arteries Secondary hypertension Chronic kidney disease Mesenteric Arteries Intestinal ischemia Abdominal pain after meals Aorta Abdominal aortic aneurysm Aortic rupture ⚠️ Complications Coronary artery disease Acute myocardial infarction Ischemic stroke Peripheral arterial disease Critical limb ischemia Aortic aneurysm Plaque rupture Thromboembolism Calcification Sudden cardiac death Chronic organ ischemia 🔍 Diagnosis Laboratory Investigations Lipid profile LDL cholesterol HDL cholesterol Total cholesterol Triglycerides ApoB Lipoprotein(a) High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) Imaging Doppler ultrasonography CT angiography MR angiography Coronary angiography Coronary calcium score Carotid ultrasound 🛡️ Prevention and Management Primary Prevention Healthy diet Regular physical exercise Weight reduction Smoking cessation Blood pressure control Diabetes management Lipid control Stress reduction Secondary Prevention Statins Antiplatelet therapy ACE inhibitors / ARBs β-blockers (when indicated) Lifestyle modification PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) 🎯 Who Should Watch? B.Sc. Nursing GNM Nursing ANM Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing M.Sc. Nursing MBBS BMLT / DMLT Pharmacy Students Physiotherapy Students Medical Laboratory Technology Allied Health Science Students Competitive Exam Aspirants (NORCET, AIIMS, ESIC, DSSSB, RUHS, NHM) 📖 Standard References 👍 If you found this lecture helpful, please: ✅ Like the video ✅ Share it with your classmates ✅ Subscribe to *@ATPunlimited* ✅ Press the 🔔 Bell Icon for upcoming Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology, and Nursing lectures. *#Atherosclerosis #Biochemistry #Pathology #CardiovascularDisease #HeartDisease #LDL #HDL #FoamCells #EndothelialDysfunction #RossHypothesis #CoronaryArteryDisease #MyocardialInfarction #Stroke #PeripheralArterialDisease #LipidMetabolism #MedicalEducation #NursingStudents #MBBS #BMLT #DMLT #GNM #BScNursing #MScNursing #ATPunlimited*