L42- CHALUKYAN DYNASTY/ Western and Eastern Chalukyas

Remaining Notes of Gupta Dynasty LITERATURE: The Gupta period is remarkable for the production of Secular Literature The Court language of Guptas was Sanskrit 13 plays written by Bhasa like Urubhanga, Swapnavasavadatta etc Mrichchakatika (The little Clay Art) written by Sudraka Kalidas wrote various texts like Abhijnanshakuntalam, Ritusamhar, Meghdootam, Kumarsambhavam, Raghuvamsam, Vikramovarshiyam, Malvikagnimitram etc Mudrarakshasha was written by Vishakhdatta Kiratarjuniyam written by Bharavi Daskumarcharitam written by Dandin Panchtantra written by Vishnu Sharma Some religious literature like Puranas and Manusmriti were rewritten Narad Smriti, Parashar Smiriti and Katyayan Smriti were written ART AND ARCHITECTURE: Gupta age is often referred as Golden Age of India or Classical Age of India for which architectural development is also significant Temple Architecture came to the forefront in this age and along with the Buddhist and Jain art reached at its peak during the Gupta Age Three principle deities were: Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti However the Gupta Rulers showed tolerance for all other religions Temple Architecture: Style: Nagara Style Temple architecture with the development of a Square sanctum and a Pillar Partico emerged during Gupta Period Some Important features of Nagara Style: Panchayatan style Build on upraised platform Mandapas infront of the principal shrine Presence of Garbhagriha and outside it, images of the river Goddess Ganga and Yamuna were placed Shikharas were there above the Garbhagriha Ratha system Generally the temples premises did not have elaborate boundary walls and Gateways Other characterstics were Pradakshinapath, Amlaka and Kalash Some Temples: Parvati Temple at Nachana Kuthar (MP) Temple No 17 at Sanchi (MP) Dashavtar Temple at Deogarh (UP) Shiva Temple of Bhumra (MP) Cave Architecture: These became more attractive due to Mural Painting Some fine examples are: Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Bagh Caves, Udaigiri Caves, Nasik Caves, Junagarh Caves, Madapeshwar Caves Stupas: The Gupta age saw a decline in the development of Stupas Dhamek Stupa at Sarnath, Stupa in Ratnagiri, and Stupa at Miepurkhas (Sindh) Sculptures: A new school of sculpture developed around Sarnath (UP) DOWNFALL OF GUPTA EMPIRE: Huna invasion Rise of feudatories The loss of Western India Decline of Trade and Commerce in later times Weak Successors The Gupta may have found difficult to maintain a large army on account of the growing practice of land grants for religious and other purposes which was bound to reduce their revenue Decline of foreign trade and Urban CHALUKYAN DYNASTY: The Chalukyan were the dominant power in the Deccan from 6th Century AD to 8th Century AD and again from the 10th Century AD to 12th Century AD Chalukyas of Badami (Early Western Chalukyas) Chalukyas of Kalyani (Later Western Chalukyas) Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi Origin: They belong to indigenous Kanarese family that claimed the status of Kshatriyas according to D.C Sircar Early Western Chalukyas of Badami: Founder: Jayasimha Capital: Vatapi Other Important Rulers: Pulkesin I (535AD - 566AD) He was the real founder of the dynasty He performed Ashvamedha and Vajpeya Sacrifice He laid the foundation of the fort of Vatapi (Modern Badami in the Bijapur District) Kirtivarman I (566AD - 598AD) He succeeded his father Pulkeshin I He is also known as the first maker of Vatapi. This shows that he beautified the town with temples and other buildings Pulkeshin II (610AD - 642AD) He was the Greatest king of this dynasty Titles: Parameshwar, Param-Bhagwata Ravikirti was his court scholar. He was a Jain poet he compiled Aihole Inscription Pulkeshin II defeated Harshvardhana in a battle at the bank of Narmada river He also defeated the Pallava King Mahendra Varman I According to Tabari, a Muslim Historian, Khusrau II (King of Persia) received an ambassador from Pulkeshin II in 625-626AD During his reign Hiuen-T-Sang a Chinese traveller paid a visit to the deccan in 641AD Vikramaditya I (655AD-681AD) After the death of Pulkeshin II, Badami and some of the southern districts remained in the hands of the Pallavas for many years but Vikaramaditya succeeded in recovering Badami from the Pallavas Vijayaditya (696AD - 733AD) He conquered Kanchi and levied tribute from Parameshwaravarman, the Pallava King He built the temple of Shiva at Pattadakal in Bijapur district He was tolerant towards Jainism and donated villages to Jain preachers Vikramaditya II (734AD - 745AD) He was the son of Vijayaditya He is also stated to have destroyed the power of the Cholas, Pandyas and other kings Kirtivarman II (7466AD - 757AD) He succeeded his father. He was the last of the glorious Chalukyan race Rashtrakutas defeated them under the leadership of Dantidurg