Russian Scare Fortresses in New Zealand

A discussion of the Russian Scare, and the forts built in New Zealand in response to it. My Vidme page: https://vid.me/Archaeonomy Sources: Cooke, P. 2000, Defending New Zealand: Ramparts on the Sea 1840 – 1950s. McFadgen, B. 2009, Archaeological Report Fort Buckley Dodd, A. 2014, 8-Inch Armstrong Gun Recovery: Fort Gordon, Miramar Peninsula Wellington Veart, D. 2003, The Excavation of a Roof and Two Stairwells Site R11/1723, Fort Takapuna Judge, C. 2015, Fort Takapuna, Auckland: Final Archaeological Monitoring Report. Veart, D. 1990, North Head: The Development of a Fort Images: All aerial photography courtesy of Google Earth and their data providers.z 64 pounder – Peripitus - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 7 inch RML – Skaarup.HA - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 6 inch Armstrong – Ahoerstemeier - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 6 inch at Taiaroa Head – Benchill - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 6 inch at Hong Kong – BrokenSphere - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 8 inch – Happy Little Nomad - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 6 pound Hotchkiss – MKFI - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 7 Ton Gun St Clair – Hocken Collection - http://hockensnapshop.ac.nz/nodes/vie... 7 Ton Completed St Clair – NZ National Library - Coast defense gun, Saint Clair, Dunedin. Ref: 1/2-105939-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23199061 Lawyers Head - NZ National Library - Coast defense gun, Lawyers Head, Dunedin. Field family :Field and Hodgkins family photographs. Ref: 1/2-105940-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23056557 Ripapa Island – Michael Klajban - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Fort Kelburne - NZ National Library - Creator unknown :Photograph of Fort Kelburne at Ngauranga, Wellington, at start of demolition. Ref: PAColl-9053. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22558717 Demolished - NZ National Library - Remains of No 2 gun lying near Ngauranga Gorge Road, Wellington, during the demolition of Fort Kelburne. Creator of Collection Unknown : Photographs of the remains of the forts at Ngauranga. Ref: PAColl-6407-33. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22892720 Fort Buckley – NZ National Library - Sixty four pound gun at Fort Buckley, Kaiwharawhara, Wellington. Williams, Edgar Richard, 1891-1983 :Negatives, lantern slides, stereographs, colour transparencies, monochrome prints, photographic ephemera. Ref: 1/1-025892-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22868799 Massey Memorial – Alana’s - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Ballance – NZ National Library - Fort Ballance, Scorching Bay, Wellington. Wright, Henry Charles Clarke, 1844-1936 :Negatives. Ref: 1/1-020667-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23212316 7 inch Ballance – NZ National Library - Gun emplacement at Fort Ballance, Wellington. Williams, Edgar Richard, 1891-1983 :Negatives, lantern slides, stereographs, colour transparencies, monochrome prints, photographic ephemera. Ref: 1/2-140344-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/22917815 Ballance – Tony Wills - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Fort Resolution – Hocken Library 64lbers at Victoria – Auckland City Library Mount Vic 8 inch – Avenue - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Fort Takapuna – Tangaroa G33K - http://wonderlustwanderingsintime.blo... North Head RML – DOC Auckland