Четвёртый закон логики (достаточного основания)

The fourth law of logic is the law of sufficient reason. The requirement for proof and justification of thought expresses this law: every thought is considered true if it has a sufficient basis. 2) The four laws of logic are linked by a "law"—the foundation of thinking. Failure to observe the laws of logic makes thinking imprecise, contradictory, untrue, and unfounded. Clearly structured thinking is thinking that adheres to the laws of logic. The teacher gives an example of violating the first law of logic: "Not all people are people." "Not all people think." 3) The first three laws of logic were formulated by Aristotle. The last, fourth law of logic, was discovered by Leibniz in the modern period. If we analyze Aristotle's works, we can conclude that Aristotle automatically adheres to the fourth law of logic as well. For example, Aristotle writes the First Law of Logic and then devotes several pages to its argumentation. 4) Each position must be supported by arguments. Arguments follow the conjunctions "because" or "since," etc. 5) In legal terms, the Fourth Law of Logic can be found in procedural law in the sections on "Evidence." Evidence is an extension of the Fourth Law of Logic. The teacher gives examples of the Fourth Law of Logic in procedural law. "To uphold a claim, a party must provide evidence." "To find a person guilty, the court must present evidence of guilt." The Fourth Law of Logic can be seen in the phenomenon of an alibi. "The person was at the scene of the crime." "The person was not at the scene of the crime." There is evidence to support the latter position. This example also demonstrates a violation of the Second Law of Logic. Two contradictory propositions cannot both be true; at least one of them must be false. A person cannot be in two places at once. The available evidence supporting the second position invokes the 4th Law of Logic. The position is considered true because it has justification. 6) The 4th Law of Logic is closely related to the theory of proof. Using this law, anything can be proven. Theories of truth are closely related to proof theory. One theory of truth states that truth is what has been proven. If there is something to which we can provide arguments, it will be proven. 7) Thesis + Argument = Position The thesis is what needs to be proven. Arguments are true propositions that do not require proof and are related to the thesis.