Botany 1.2 | Getting frondmogged by clavascular plants

In this video, we're booksmaxxing with the pterrific pteridophytes. Plants we learnt about: Tracheophytes: The clade including all vascular plants. Pteridophytes (cryptogams): The seedless vascular plants, including lycophytes and monilophytes. Lycophytes: A clade including clubmosses, spikemosses (selaginella), and quillworts (isoetes). They have microphylls and protosteles, and diverged earlier Monilophytes/polypodiophytes: A clade including ferns and their relatives: ophioglossum, psilotum, equisetum, and more (tmesipteris, salviniales, etc!) *I talked a little about leptosporangiate/eusporangiate ferns. These groupings are defined by how their sporangia develop, whether from one cell/multiple cells respectively. Euphyllophyta: A clade of vascular plants with megaphylls, including the monilophytes and seed plants. Terms: Xylem/phloem: Vascular tissue. Xylem is lignified and dead at maturity, transporting water and minerals up from the roots. Phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Microphylls: smaller, more primitive leaves with only a single central vein Megaphylls: larger leaves with branching veins Cuticle: Waxy layer outside the epidermis that helps protect against water loss and environment stuff. Apical meristem: The actively dividing cells at the tip of plant shoot/roots. Indeterminate growth: basically the quality of growing indefinitely. Stele: the core of the stem or root, typically analyzed via cross-section for arrangement of vascular tissue. We covered the protostele, siphonostele, eustele. Pith/Cortex: Ground tissue inner or exterior, respectively, to the vascular tissue in siphonosteles/eusteles. Heterospory: Producing two different spores that germinate into unisexual gametophytes Endospory: retaining the gametophyte within the spore (always present in heterosporous plants) Polysporangiate: having multiple sporangia per sporophyte (always present in vascular plants) Sporophylls: Modified leaves that bear sporangia Strobili: In lycophytes, cone-structures that are composed of modified sporophylls Sori: A cluster of sporangia on the underside of fern sporophylls Indusia: protective tissue over the sori