filozofia nauki 03

In the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes scientifically measured the Earth's circumference, and Hipparchus measured the distance from the Earth to the Moon in the 2nd century BC. Euclid in the Elements constructed an axiomatic system of geometry, Archimedes formulated and proved, among other things, formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere, and wrote On Floating Bodies. In the mid-2nd century BC, the expansion of Rome destroyed Greek science. It briefly revived in the 2nd century AD (physician and anatomist Galen, astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy), but around 500 AD it was extinguished by the expansion of Christianity. From the 9th to the 11th centuries, Greek science and philosophy were revived in the Islamic world, and before dying out, they were taken over by European scholars writing in Latin. Ca. 1200 the first universities were established, where education was based on ancient texts - considered authoritative - but no research was conducted.