Why Are We the Only Human Species Left?

For most of human history, we weren't alone. At least five different species of humans walked this planet at the same time — some taller, some shorter, some built for ice ages, one barely three feet tall. Today, we're the only ones left. What happened to everyone else? This video traces the full story — from Homo Erectus, the longest-surviving human species in history, to the Neanderthals, who were nothing like the brutes we were taught about, to the Denisovans, a species we discovered from a single finger bone, to Homo Floresiensis, tiny humans who lived alongside Komodo dragons on a remote Indonesian island. By the end, you might start questioning what it actually means to be the last ones standing. All research and sources are linked below. ———————————————————— 📚 RESEARCH & SOURCES: ▸ Homo Erectus — Final dating of Ngandong (Java) fossils: "Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java" (2019, Nature) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-18... ▸ Neanderthal Genome — Svante Pääbo et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome" (2010, Science) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021 ▸ Shanidar Cave — Ralph Solecki, "Shanidar: The First Flower People" (1971, Knopf). Erik Trinkaus, "The Shanidar Neandertals" (1983, Academic Press) ▸ Neanderthal Genetic Diversity — "Patterns of coding variation in the complete exomes of three Neandertals" (2016, PNAS) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524553113 ▸ Denisovans — Krause et al., "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia" (2010, Nature) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08976 ▸ Denisovan EPAS1 Gene — Huerta-Sánchez et al., "Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA" (2014, Nature) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13408 ▸ Homo Floresiensis — Brown et al., "A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia" (2004, Nature) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02999 ▸ Floresiensis Updated Dating — Sutikna et al., "Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua" (2016, Nature) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17179 ———————————————————— PEOPLE & CONCEPTS MENTIONED: ▸ Svante Pääbo — Nobel Prize-winning geneticist, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Led the team that sequenced the Neanderthal genome and discovered the Denisovans through DNA analysis of a finger bone found in Denisova Cave, Siberia. ▸ Ralph Solecki — Archaeologist, Columbia University. Led excavations at Shanidar Cave in northern Iraq (1957–1961), uncovering Neanderthal burials with evidence of flower pollen and care for disabled individuals. ▸ Island Dwarfism — Evolutionary process where species isolated on islands change dramatically over time. Large animals tend to shrink, small animals tend to grow. Homo Floresiensis is considered one of the most remarkable examples in the human family. ———————————————————— 🎨 Animation by Ink Explainer ———————————————————— #humanevolution #neanderthals #homoeractus #denisovans #hobbit #homofloresensis #humanhistory #explainer #animation #education #archaeology #evolution #science