Platão x Aristóteles | Mundo das Ideias e Mundo Sensível | FILOSOFIA

Mysterious video of the day:    • 10 virtudes aristotélicas para alcançar a ...   ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) In Plato's understanding, the material world – the one we perceive through our five senses – is deceptive. Everything in it is unstable and there can be no happiness through it. Therefore, for this philosopher, the path to happiness is to abandon the illusions of the senses towards the world of ideas, until reaching the supreme knowledge of reality, corresponding to the idea of ​​good. Plato considered that Heraclitus was right regarding the material or physical world, that is, the world of corporeal beings, since matter is subject to continuous changes and internal oppositions. This world, which we know through our sensations, perceptions and opinions, is called the sensible world by Plato, and in it there is permanent becoming. However, Plato said, the sensible world is an appearance (it is the world of the prisoners of the Myth of the Cave), it is a copy or shadow of the true and real world; In this sense, Parmenides is right. The true world is that of immutable essences, therefore, without contradictions or oppositions, without transformation, where no being passes into its contradictory. According to Plato, this world of essences or ideas is the intelligible world. Aristotle, in turn, follows a different path from that chosen by Plato. He considers it unnecessary to separate reality and appearance into two worlds (there is only one world in which essences and appearance exist) and does not accept that change or becoming is a mere illusory appearance. There are beings whose essence is mutable and there are beings whose essence is immutable. However, Heraclitus was wrong to suppose that change occurs in the form of contradiction, that is, that things transform themselves into their opposites. Change or transformation is the way in which things realize all the potentialities contained in their essence, and this is not contradictory, but an identity that thought can know. Thus, for example, when a child becomes an adult or when a seed becomes a tree, neither of them has become contrary to itself, but has developed a potentiality defined by the identity of its own essence. Plato's interpretation of the world was based on a dualism between the material and the intelligible world. Knowledge, for this philosopher, was found only in this intelligible world, which is outside of materiality and worldly reality. Aristotle disagreed with Plato, stating that it is possible to reach truths in the material world, given that this is an extension of the intelligible world, and nothing else. Plato's worlds, therefore, were one and the same world, according to his student Aristotle. Plato interpreted the world based on his dualism (material world and intelligible world), where true knowledge was in the intelligible world. Aristotle rejects Plato's theory, stating that if the material world is a kind of extension of the intelligible world, then it is just one world. Aristotle rejects Plato's interpretation and states that knowledge is the result of our sensory experiences (empiricism). In Raphael's painting The School of Athens (1510-1512), Plato is depicted pointing upwards, perhaps to indicate the world of ideas. Aristotle, on the other hand, has his hand at half height and spread out downwards, seemingly showing his preference for moderation in the ethical sphere and for the study of nature.