Ghost Ships of Tomorrow

This study explores key connectivity technologies for autonomous vessels in modern shipping, with a particular emphasis on the importance of integrating satellite and terrestrial networks (such as 5G and 6G). To ensure safe navigation, collision avoidance, and remote monitoring, the system must provide highly reliable and low-latency two-way data transmission. The paper proposes a connectivity administrator architecture that can vertically switch between different wireless technologies based on quality-of-service (QoS) requirements to maintain uninterrupted communication. Furthermore, the study analyzes network security threats and spectrum management, and demonstrates the profound impact of connectivity quality on maritime operational safety through a ship simulator. This survey provides a technological framework and research direction for the future global operation of unmanned vessels.