인지과학이 밝혀낸 '세 가지' 궁극의 공부법 📚 | 공부에 대한 공부 2 | KBS 20140930 방송

■ Cognitive Science Reveals the "Ultimate Study Method" Experiment 1: Second-year students at Incheon Mansu High School were given a one-page science text and asked to memorize it for seven minutes. One group was given another seven minutes to memorize, while the other group took a descriptive test, recalling what they had memorized for seven minutes. Five minutes later, the study-study team won the short-term memory test, scoring 61 points to 55. However, a week later, the study-test team reversed course with a score of 45 points to 53 points on the long-term memory test. Passively rereading something will cause it to remain in short-term memory and then fade, but actively retrieving it will transfer it to long-term memory. Unlike computers, which simply store information after input, the human brain requires effort to retrieve it before it can be transferred to long-term memory. Therefore, an effective study strategy is to focus on retrieving as much as possible, rather than trying to cram too much into your head. Cognitive science has revealed that "effort to recall memories" is the "ultimate study method." ■ Distributed Learning: Studying that forces you to reflect on what you've learned is the real study. Experiment 2: First-year students at Incheon Haneul High School were asked to memorize 40 difficult GRE vocabulary words. They studied 20 words for four minutes each, followed by a break, five times, for a total of 20 minutes. The remaining 20 words were studied continuously for 20 minutes. On the test five minutes later, both methods yielded average scores of 95-96. This was due to the fact that many students achieved perfect scores both times. However, on the test a week later, the words memorized with breaks scored 54, while the words memorized without breaks scored 33. By splitting study time and consistently studying, students are forced to recall the words at each session, resulting in a much higher transfer to long-term memory than cramming. This is a study method cognitive scientists call "spacing." Even a cram-and-short-term memory study method can result in a perfect score on an immediate test. Sending your child to a short-term academy for midterms can also lead to a perfect score. However, it's not a good idea. In the long run, you won't be able to keep up with students who studied with long-term memory. College entrance exams are a long-term battle. ■ Top students in their schools study with long-term memory. When our reporters observed the work of a second-year top student at Incheon Mansu High School and a first-year top student at Haneul High School, both students were found to be using long-term memory study methods. They recalled their schedules as they walked to school. They recalled what they had learned in the previous class. If they recalled it easily, that's great; if they didn't, they would review it during their morning study period. Henry Roediger III, a professor of psychology at Washington University in St. Louis, says it's okay to fail at recalling. This is because proper feedback, which allows students to review information they don't remember, allows them to remember much longer. Through this process, the learned material is organized and strengthened by connecting it to what they already know. The reason the top student struggles to recall what they learned in the morning study session is because they want to connect it to what they're learning today. Computers can retain 100% of unrelated information even if it's stored in a disorganized manner, but the human brain must connect and organize related information through memory retrieval to remember it. ■ The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Poorer in Studying In Experiment 1, students studied the same passage in the same place for the same amount of time. The top student in the school remembered 24 out of 30 items, while another student only remembered 10. While there are many factors, this is closely linked to long-term memory. Students who have a large amount of information stored in long-term memory have more connections to make when learning something new, allowing them to retain it more efficiently and for longer periods of time. Conversely, students who studied with short-term memory have fewer connections to make in their long-term memory, which reduces their chances of connecting and hinders their retention. Even in studying, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It's like how, if you have little capital and work hard at a business, you'll end up with little profit. ■ Do academies interfere with long-term memory? Interviews with students who participated in the experiment revealed that, while they believed distributed learning would be better, few actually practiced it. The first reason is that students find distributed learning much more difficult. Distributed learning leads to forgetting a significant portion of what they previously memorized, which makes them feel like they're not studying well....