Deductive argument | Inductive argument | Abductive argument

Deductive Argument A deductive argument is a type of reasoning in which the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. If the premises are true and the reasoning is valid, then the conclusion must be true—there’s no way for it to be false. ✓ All humans are mortal. ✓ Socrates is a human. ✓ Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Inductive Argument An inductive argument is a type of reasoning in which the premises provide support for the conclusion, but do not guarantee it. The conclusion is probable rather than certain. ✓ Nawaz is liar ✓ Zarsari is liar ✓ All politician are liars An abductive argument is a form of reasoning where you start with an observation and then infer the most likely explanation. It’s often described as “inference to the best explanation.” ✓ The ground is wet ✓ it rained, the ground would be wet ✓ Conclusion: It probably rained An argument is a group of statements in which one or more statements (called premises) support another statement (called the conclusion). #argument #structure of argument #validargument #invalidargument #soundargument #unsoundargument #cogentargument #uncogentargument Structure of an Argument Premises → reasons/evidence Conclusion → claim/result Example All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. ∴ Socrates is mortal. Here: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. Valid Argument A valid argument is a deductive argument in which, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Example All birds have wings. Sparrow is a bird. ∴ Sparrow has wings. Invalid Argument An invalid argument is a deductive argument in which the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises. Example All cats are animals. Dog is an animal. ∴ Dog is a cat. Sound Argument A sound argument is: Valid, and All premises are true. Example All humans need oxygen. Ali is a human. ∴ Ali needs oxygen. Unsound Argument An unsound argument is an argument that is: Invalid, or Has at least one false premise. Example All fish can fly. Shark is a fish. ∴ Shark can fly. Cogent Argument A cogent argument is a strong inductive argument with true premises. In a cogent argument, the conclusion is probably true. Example Most students who study regularly pass exams. Ahmed studies regularly. ∴ Ahmed will probably pass the exam. Uncogent Argument An uncogent argument is: A weak inductive argument, or Has false premises. Example Some rich people are happy. Hamza is rich. ∴ Hamza must be happy. Links Play List    / @mstatistics      • Solved Papers Punjab University Lahore.      • Basic Statistics All Topics with Solved  E...      • Measures of Location All Topics with Solve...      • Measures of Dispersion All Topics With Sol...      • Index Numbers All Topics      • Probability All Topics with Solved Exercis...      • Random Variables All Topics with Solved Ex...      • Discrete Probability Distributions All top...      • Continuous Probability Distributions. All ...      • Simple Regression & Correlation All Topics...      • Time Series All Topics      • Practicals  Solution ( Punjab University &...      • M.L.R.M & S.L.R.M Estimation & Testing all...      • Experimental Design and Analysis of Varian...      • Testing of Hypothesis  |  Parametric Tests...      • G.Q.R ( 101 ) Quantitative Reasoning  Comp...      • G.Q.R ( 202 ) Quantitative Reasoning  Comp...      • Sampling and Sampling Distributions      • Playlist      • MS : 251 Probability & Statistics BSCS      • Playlist