تاریخ افغانستان: گورستان امپراتوری‌ها

Why did every power that entered Afghanistan end up getting stuck and leaving? And why were Afghanistan's own governments unable to govern the country in a centralized and unified manner? Text: Zohreh Soroushfar, Ali Bandari With guidance from Arash Raeesinejad Video: Nima Khaledikia B-roll: Nima Khaledikia   / khaledikia   Map visualizations powered by MapTiler & OpenStreetMap contributors https://www.maptiler.com 0:00 Cemetery of Empires 1:40 The Story of Afghanistan and Geography 3:18 Afghanistan and the Problem of Lack of Water 3:58 Adverse Weather 4:09 Controlling the Passages Means Power 5:05 The Power of Geography in Silence 5:36 The Contribution of Different Ethnicities in Afghan Society 6:43 Iran's Identity Adhesives and a Strong State 7:39 National Identity in Afghanistan 8:35 Shah Abbas Safavi Born in Herat 9:50 The Kandahar Rebellion and the Fall of the Safavids 10:21 Nader Shah Afshar and the Conquest of Kandahar 10:35 The Rise to Power of Ahmad Shah Durrani 11:40 Modern History of Afghanistan and Jahangiri Ahmad Shah 13:15 Afghanistan and the plunder of India by Nader Shah 14:16 What was happening in the world at the time of Ahmad Shah Durrani's death? 15:30 The British Empire became more powerful 16:10 The Russian Empire is expanding 16:22 Afghanistan after the death of Ahmad Shah between Britain and Tsarist Russia 17:09 The Great Game of the 19th Century in Afghanistan 18:44 The Brave Kingdoms of Shah Durrani and Dost Mohammad Khan 19:23 Britain Wanted to Bring Back the Former Shah 20:53 The Wars of Britain and Afghanistan 21:31 Only One Survivor of the British Army Reached Jalalabad 22:39 The Cold War of the 19th Century: British and Russian Spies in Afghanistan 23:35 Afghanistan, the Product of the Great Game of Britain and Russia 24:49 The Loss of Herat from Iran 25:37 Britain and Afghanistan and the Re-Conflict 27:20 Abdul Rahman Khan of the Pashtun Dynasty, the Emir of Afghanistan 28:42 The First Powerful Centralized Government in Afghanistan 29:35 The Emir of Afghanistan and the Use of Religion 30:23 The Difference with Ataturk and Reza Shah 30:52 An Image Remaining in History Abdul Rahman Khan 31:36 It matters how you read history 32:07 The government became powerful, but with severe repression 33:51 An important monument of Abdul Rahman Khan for Afghanistan: The center of Pakistan 35:14 The Taliban's tool for gaining power 35:35 Amanullah Khan is similar to Reza Shah and Ataturk 36:31 Afghanistan's independence from British India 37:36 Nation-building and modernization of Afghanistan 38:01 The difference between Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan, Ataturk of Turkey and Reza Shah of Iran 39:58 The story of failure: Amanullah Khan's escape from Afghanistan 40:37 Afghanistan between the two world wars 40:56 Zahir Shah in Afghanistan 41:21 Afghanistan became important again 42:15 Space opened up for leftist groups 42:59 The coup of Mohammad Daoud, the first president of Afghanistan 43:40 The model of communist countries: the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 44:57 Babrak Karmal, the Russian puppet president of Afghanistan 45:20 Millions of Afghans migrated to Iran and Pakistan 45:59 US Support for Afghan Mujahideen with Cold War Logic 47:19 Pakistan's Aid to Mujahideen 48:03 Saudi Arabia, Wahhabis and Jihad with Communists 48:36 Radicalization of Sunni Groups in Front of Shia 49:09 Ahmad Shah Massoud, a Popular and Charismatic Commander 50:15 Gorbachev and the Soviet Union's Departure from Afghanistan 51:10 The End of the Soviet Union 51:38 The Afghan Civil War 52:39 The Taliban, Messengers of Order and Sharia from Pure Islam 54:23 Afghanistan is the World's Largest Producer of Opium 55:19 The Taliban's Relationship with Pakistan 56:23 The Durand Border and Taliban Leaders 56:45 Iran Hosts One of the 20th Century's Refugee Crises 57:12 Iran's Conflict with the Taliban 58:24 Al-Qaeda is the Result of Saudi and American Investment 59:01 The Taliban Government Collapses 59:30 The Second Taliban Arrives 59:44 The Status of Women In Afghanistan 1:01:28 Is Afghanistan really a graveyard of empires? 1:02:51 A series of equations are not easily changed Britain entered Afghanistan three times and could not stay. The Soviet Union fought for ten years and retreated. The United States left the country after twenty years. This history has led to Afghanistan being called the "graveyard of empires." Resources and links for further curiosity The book "Afghanistan on the Path of History" by Mir Ghulam Mohammad "Ghabbar" The book "Oral History of Afghanistan" by Safa Akhavan The article "The Political Consequences of Herat's Separation on the Khorasan Region in the Qajar Era" in Khorasan Research Journal Big    • The complex history of Afghanistan - Nobel...      • Great Game: How Britain and Russia Fought ...      • How The Afghans Defeated Britain & Won Ind...      • How The Afghans Lost Their Empire | Histor...      • Afghanistan: the Great Game (Part I)      • Afghanistan the Great Game (Part II)   t=19...