하루 10시간 밤새워 외워도 시험 치면 다 까먹는 이유! 뇌 과학이 증명한 가장 완벽한 '기억 인출 학습법' | KBS 시사기획 창 20140930 방송

※ This video was produced in 2014 and may differ from the current situation. ■ The ‘Ultimate Study Method’ Revealed by Cognitive Science Experiment 1: Second-year students at Incheon Mansu High School were given a one-page science passage and instructed to memorize it for seven minutes. One team was given another seven minutes to memorize, while the other team was given a descriptive test requiring them to recall and write down what they had memorized within seven minutes. Five minutes later, the Study-Study team won the short-term memory test with a score of 61 to 55. However, one week later, the Study-Test team successfully reversed the results in the long-term memory test with a score of 45 to 53. This is because if you merely passively reread the material, what you have learned disappears from short-term memory, whereas if you make an active effort to retrieve it, it moves into long-term memory. Unlike a computer that stores data 100% once it is input, the human brain requires the effort to retrieve information in order to transfer and store what has been learned in long-term memory. ** Therefore, an efficient study method is to strive to retrieve information rather than to cram it into your head. The "effort to retrieve memories" is the "ultimate study method" revealed by cognitive science. ■ Distributed Learning: True learning is studying that allows you to ruminate on what you have learned. Experiment 2: First-year students at Incheon Haneul High School were asked to memorize 40 difficult GRE words. Twenty of the words were memorized over a total of 20 minutes (5 times), with 4 minutes of study followed by a break, while the other 20 words were memorized for 20 minutes without a break. In the test conducted five minutes later, both methods yielded average scores of 95–96. This was because many students received a perfect score of 100 in both tests. However, in the test conducted one week later, the words memorized with intermittent breaks scored 54 points, while the words memorized without a break scored 33 points. When you divide your study time and study consistently, you must make an effort to recall memories each time; consequently, much more information is transferred to long-term memory compared to cramming. This is a study method that cognitive scientists call "spacing." You can get a perfect score on an immediate exam using the cramming method based on short-term memory. You can also get a perfect score by sending your child to a short-term academy just to prepare for midterms. However, this is not something to be happy about. In the long run, you cannot keep up with students who study using long-term memory. This is because entrance exams are a long-term battle. ■ The top student in the school studies using long-term memory. When the reporting team observed the study habits of the top-ranked sophomore at Incheon Mansu High School and the top-ranked freshman at Haneul High School, it was found that both students were using the long-term memory study method. They recall their timetables while walking to school. They try to recall what they learned in the previous class. It is good if the memory comes back easily, but even if it does not, they look it up again during the morning self-study period. Professor Henry Roediger III of the Department of Psychology at Washington University in St. Louis says that it is okay to fail to recall the memory. This is because memory lasts much longer when there is proper feedback, such as looking up what you cannot recall. Through this process, learned content connects with what you already know, becoming organized and strengthened. The reason the top-ranking student struggles to recall what they learned last time during morning self-study is to connect it with what they will learn today. While a computer can remember 100% of unrelated information even if stored in a disorderly manner, the human brain can only remember by connecting and organizing related information through memory retrieval. ■ The rich get richer and the poor get poorer in studying as well In Experiment 1, students studied the same passage in the same spot for the same amount of time; however, the top-ranking student remembered 24 out of 30 items, while another student remembered only 10. While there are various factors at play, it is deeply related to long-term memory. Students who have retained a significant amount of information in their long-term memory can remember new things much more efficiently and for a longer period because they have many connections to make. On the other hand, students who study using short-term memory have fewer things to connect to long-term memory, which results in fewer connections and puts them at a disadvantage in terms of memory. There is a "rich get richer, poor get poorer" phenomenon in studying as well. It follows the same principle as how having little capital means that no matter how hard you work in business, you will have little pr...