Urartular. Doğu'nun Gizemli Uygarlığı | Sınırsız Tarih

The Urartians are first mentioned in Assyrian sources from the 13th century BC. Their relations were primarily with the Assyrians. Initially, they existed as small kingdoms. In the 10th century BC, they united in a unified state centered at Tushba (Van). By the 9th century BC, they had expanded their borders. The Urartians (Urartu: Biainili) had their capital at Tushba (Van). At its height (8th-7th centuries BC), the Urartian State ruled over what is now Eastern Anatolia, Northwestern Iran, a small part of Iraq, and the Araxes Valley to the north. After the collapse of the Hurrian State, a number of small states were established around Van. These small states, known to the Assyrians as Nairi, were subjected to various attacks by Assyrian kings such as Shalmaneser I and Tukulti-Ninurta. But the Urartian State had not yet been established at that time. The Nairi principalities united around 900 BC to form the Urartian State. Following this unification, the Urartians, united around a king, formed a civilization considered a true Anatolian culture. After choosing Van (then known as Tuşba or Tuşpa) as their capital, they spread throughout the region. The Urartians, seeking to sever the Assyrians' connection with the Mediterranean and gradually expanding, extended their borders northward to Erzurum, Erzincan, and Karmir Blur, eastward to the Caspian Sea, westward to Malatya, and southward to Mosul and Aleppo. From unearthed inscriptions, it has been learned that the first Urartian king was Sardur I (840 BC - 830 BC). Sardur I, who completed the construction of the Van Citadel, described all his accomplishments in an inscription he had installed on the structure. According to Assyrian sources, the Urartians grew increasingly powerful during the reign of Sardur I and posed a threat to the Assyrians. During the reigns of Sardur I and his successor, Ispainis, the capital city of Van continuously developed. King Ispainis also arranged for his son Menuas (or Menua) to join the government and later succeed him. The borders of the country were gradually expanding, and the city of Mushaşir was captured. After the death of Menuas (810 BC - 780 BC), he was succeeded by Argishti (or Argistis) I (780 BC - 760 BC). This ruler further expanded the empire and had various fortresses built to protect against potential enemy attacks. During the reign of his son, Sardur II (760 BC - 730 BC), the borders reached their greatest extent. After Sardur H's death, during the reign of Rusas I, who succeeded him in 713 BC, the Urartians waged constant war with the Assyrians. Rusas I was succeeded by his son Argistis II, who in turn was succeeded by Rusas II; his son Sardur III, who succeeded Rusas H, was later succeeded by Rusas II. The Urartian state collapsed after the Median invasion of 612 during the reign of King Rusas III, and its cities were razed to the ground. About thirty castle ruins have been discovered in the area where the Urartians had spread (the most important are Van Castle, Anzaf Castle, Çavuştepe Castle, and Başkale). The Urartians, who practiced a polytheistic religion (the most prominent being the chief god Haldi, the sky god Teisheba, and the sun god Shivini), have unearthed numerous temples built independently or adjacent to palaces at Altmtepe, Toprakkale, Patnos, and Çavuştepe. In addition to temples and palaces, the Urartians are known to have built small, windowed houses, decorating their exteriors with balconies and their interiors with various motifs. The Urartians were exceptionally skilled in metalworking. Numerous Urartian metalwork artifacts have been unearthed in excavations at sites such as Altıntepe, Çavuştepe, and Adilcevaz. The Urartians were so advanced in metalworking that they sold their products to the Phrygians and Etruscans. For this reason, Urartian bull heads have been found in excavations in Italy. Among the metalwork artifacts unique to the Urartians are belts decorated with various motifs. Because the Urartians buried their dead fully clothed, numerous such belts have been found. Because the dead were cremated in later periods, the belts found are understood to be of an earlier period. Furthermore, various excavations have revealed relief-decorated shields, arrow quivers, helmets, bath bowls, cauldrons, bull heads, and various harnesses related to the Urartians. On the other hand, the Urartians were quite adept at making ceramics, as well as stone and bone objects. Besides all this, the Urartians knew how to write. In addition to the Assyrian script, they used their own cuneiform script, which they adopted and simplified from the Assyrians, and their own language, which was based on the Near Eastern linguistics. The Urartians. The Mysterious Civilization of the East | Boundless History #urartu #ancientage #anatolia Hello, on our "Boundless History" channel, our team and I are producing informative documentaries about history, science, and technology. You can support us by...