This effect confirmed light particles

Buy me a coffee and support the channel: https://ko-fi.com/jkzero Presentation of the experimental and theoretical developments of the Compton effect or Compton scattering, which finally led to the acceptance of Einstein's hypothesis of light-quanta. The Compton effect constitutes the failure of the classical wave nature of light and the success of the particle (photon) description. [Erratum] ∘ at 0:44 the factor 1/(μ0ε0) should be (μ0ε0), in the numerator; thanks to ‪@FraserIsland_Aus‬ for spotting this typo [References] ∘ A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 17, 132 (1905) https://einsteinpapers.press.princeto... ∘ A.H. Compton, A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements, Phys. Rev. 21, 483 (1923) https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/... ∘ A.H. Compton, The Size and Shape of the Electron, Phys. Rev. 14, 20 (1919) https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/... ∘ A.H. Compton, Phys. Rev. 7, 646 (1916) https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/... ∘ A.H. Compton, The Spectrum of Secondary X-rays, Phys. Rev. 19, 267 (1922) https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/... ∘ A.S. Eve, Phil. Mag. 8, 669 (1904) ∘ R.D. Kleeman, Phil. Mag. 15, 638 (1908) ∘ J.P.V. Madsen, Phil. Mag. 17, 423 (1909) ∘ D.C.H. Florance, Phil. Mag. 20, 921 (1910) ∘ C.A. Sadler and P. Mesham, Phil. Mag. 24, 138 (1912) https://shorturl.at/D8aHe ∘ D.C.H. Florance, Phil. Mag. 28, 363 (1914) ∘ A.H. Compton, Science 37, 803 (1913) https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/s... ∘ A.H. Compton, Phys. Rev. 9, 29 (1917) [PhD thesis] https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/... ∘ R.H. Stuewer, The Compton effect Transition to quantum mechanics, Ann. Phys. 9, 975 (2000) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/a... ∘ A.H. Compton, Bull. Nat. Res. Coun. 4 (1922) https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?i... ∘ P. Debye, Zerstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen und Quantentheorie, Phys. Zeit. 24 , 161 (1923) ∘ A.H. Compton and C. F. Hagenow, A Measurement of the Polarization of Secondary X-Rays, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 8, 487 (1924) https://opg.optica.org/josa/abstract.... [Credits] Albert Einstein in 1905, public domain Arthur H. Compton in his X-ray lab, Photo by S.Deutch, AIP First Solvay Conference 1911, photograph by Benjamin Couprie, public domain James C. Maxwell, Engraved by G. J. Stodart, AIP Light refraction, by ajizai, public domain Interference pattern, by J.S. Diaz (own work) Polarization clamp, by A.Davidhazy under CC BY-SA 4.0 Light bulb through diffraction grating, by R.D. Anderson under CC BY-SA 3.0 Max planck, public domain Niels Bohr, Photo by A.B. Lagrelius and Westphal, AIP Woman researching by T. Miroshnichenko via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-re... Man teaching algebra by Y. Krukau, free use via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/man-teac... Man reading by T. Miroshnichenko, free use via Pexels https://www.pexels.com/video/man-read... Woman touching glass by Y. Shuraev, free use via https://www.pexels.com/video/a-woman-... Wave-particle ambigram by Douglas Hofstadter under CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed Einstein with C. Habicht and M. Solovine, ca. 1903, by E. Vollenweider, public domain Arthur H. Compton, public domain Peter Debye, public domain Arthur S. Eve, AIP Man silhouette by liftarn under CC BY-SA 3.0 John Madsen, family photo under CC BY-SA 4.0 David C. H. Florance, from Rutherford group photo 1912, AIP J.J. Thomson, public domain Compton Family, AIP Halley's Comet (1910) by E.E. Barnard, public domain Compton tube, A.H. Compton in Scientific American Supplement (1915), public domain J.J. Thomson and Rutherford, by D. Schoenberg, AIP Rutherford's research room at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, AIP A History of the Cavendish Laboratory 1971-1910. London, New York, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910, AIP Bragg X-ray spectrometer, Science Museum under CC BY 4.0 Deed Arthur H. Compton portrait, AIP Paul Scherrer, public domain Hendrik Kramers, public domain Minutes of the Chicago Meeting APS, Dec. 1922, Phys. Rev. 21, 195 (1923) Radon gas within a cloud chamber, unknown author under CC BY 3.0 Niels Bohr, AIP Nobel Prize Medal, public domain Fifth Solvay Conference, by Benjamin Couprie, AIP Louis de Broglie, public domain Erwin Schrödinger, public domain Max Born, public domain Werner Heisenberg, AIP Wolfgang Pauli, AIP Paul Dirac, AIP AIP: courtesy of the American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...