Tipos de reacciones orgánicas sustitución adición eliminación

Types of organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination, main types of organic reactions, Markovnikov's rule Saytzeff's rule, PDF explanation, examples, and solved exercises for university entrance exams, chemistry, first year of high school, and second year of high school. Importance of the dehydration of alcohols, Markovnikov's rule TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS 1 Substitution reactions. An atom or group of atoms is replaced by another R-X+Y  R-Y + X Examples: 1.1 Halogenation of hydrocarbons: CH3-CH3 + Cl2 light CH3-CH2-Cl + HCl (Ethane + chlorine  Chloroethane + Hydrogen chloride) 1.2 Obtaining alcohols from halogens (basic medium) CH3-CH2-Cl + KOH  CH3-CH2OH + KCl (Chloroethane + potassium hydroxide  Ethanol + potassium chloride) 1.3 Obtaining halogens from alcohols (acidic medium) CH3-CH2OH + HCl  CH3-CH2Cl + H2O (Ethanol + hydrochloric acid  Chloroethane + water) 1.4 Reactions Classical substitution reactions of benzene (C6H6) There are three classic substitution reactions with benzene: Halogenation: C6H6 + Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl (Benzene + Chlorine → Chlorobenzene + hydrogen chloride) Nitration: C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O (Benzene + nitric acid → Nitrobenzene + water) Alkylation: C6H6 + CH3Cl → C6H5CH3 + HCl (Benzene + Chloromethane → Methylbenzene (toluene) + hydrogen chloride) 2 Addition reactions. We add an atom or group of atoms to a molecule (generally, multiple bonds are broken) -C=C - + XY  X-C-C –Y Markovnikov's Rule (Hydrogen bonds where there is more H) 2.1 Hydrogenation. Addition of Hydrogen (H2) CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2  CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 (but-2-ene + Hydrogen  Butane) CH3-C ΞC-CH3 + 2H2  CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 (but-2-yne + Hydrogen  Butane) 2.2 Addition of Halogens (Br2, Cl2…) CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + Br2  CH3-CH2-CHBr –CH2Br (but-1-ene + Bromine  1,2-dibromobutane) CH3-CH2-COCH + 2Br2  CH3-CH2-CBr2 –CHBr2 (but-1-yne + Bromine  1,1,2,2-tetrabromobutane) 2.3 Addition of hydrogen halides (HBr, HCl, etc.) CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 + HBr  CH3-CH2-CHBr –CH3 (but-1-ene + hydrogen bromide  2-bromobutane) 2.4 Formation of alcohols. Addition of water (H2O) CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O  CH3-CHOH-CH3 (propene + water  propan-2-ol) 3 Elimination reactions. The reverse of addition reactions, i.e., we remove an atom or group of atoms from a molecule (multiple bonds are generally formed) X-C-C-Y  C=C + XY 3.1 Dehydration of alcohols. An OH group and a hydrogen atom are removed from the adjacent carbon with the least H (Saytzeff's Rule). This is generally performed in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), yielding an alkene. CH3-CH2-CH2OH H2SO4 CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O (propan-1-ol  propene + water) CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3 H2SO4 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2O (but-2-ol  but-2-ene + water) 3.2 Dehydrogenation of halogens. A halogen atom (Cl, Br, etc.) and a hydrogen atom are removed from the adjacent carbon with the least H (Saytzeff's Rule). This is generally performed in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH), yielding an alkene. CH3-CHCl-CH2-CH3 KOH CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + HCl (2-chlorobutane  but-1-ene + Hydrogen Chloride) 00:00 Index and diagram 01:33 Substitution reactions 07:00 Addition reactions 09:59 Markovnikov's rule 14:00 Elimination reactions 14:48 Dehydration of alcohols