20. Hypertension 🫀| Types, Causes, Diagnosis, and Management | Internal Medicine : Cardiology USMLE

📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:-https://t.me/conceptualmedicine009 📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- https://www.instagram.com/ Hypertension Made Easy | Types, Causes, Diagnosis, and Management | Internal Medicine Must-Know for NEET PG/FMGE/USMLE Hypertension is defined as persistently elevated arterial blood pressure, measured on at least two occasions using accurate technique. According to the ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines, normal blood pressure is considered below 120/80 mmHg, elevated BP is 120–129 mmHg systolic with diastolic less than 80 mmHg, stage 1 hypertension is 130–139 mmHg systolic or 80–89 mmHg diastolic, and stage 2 hypertension is 140/90 mmHg or more. Hypertension can be classified as primary (essential) or secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for nearly 90–95% of all cases and does not have a clearly identifiable cause. It is believed to be multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors like high salt intake, obesity, and sedentary habits. Secondary hypertension accounts for 5–10% of cases and has an identifiable cause that can often be corrected. Renal causes include chronic kidney disease, renal artery stenosis, and glomerulonephritis. Endocrine causes involve primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid dysfunction, and acromegaly. Vascular conditions such as coarctation of the aorta and vasculitis can also lead to secondary hypertension. Certain medications like NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, steroids, decongestants, and recreational drugs (cocaine, amphetamines) are also well-known triggers. Risk factors for essential hypertension include increasing age, family history of hypertension, African ethnicity, high sodium intake, low potassium intake, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse, and stress. Diagnosis requires repeated measurements of BP using proper technique, and confirmation with ambulatory BP monitoring or home BP logs if needed. Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include target organ damage such as left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, stroke, hypertensive retinopathy, and vascular dementia. Management involves both lifestyle modification and pharmacologic therapy. Lifestyle changes include dietary sodium restriction, DASH diet, weight reduction, regular aerobic exercise, smoking cessation, and moderation of alcohol intake. First-line pharmacologic agents include thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers in select cases. In secondary hypertension, addressing the underlying cause is crucial. Mastering hypertension is essential for all medical aspirants, as it remains one of the most tested and clinically relevant internal medicine topics. #Hypertension #InternalMedicine #NEETPG2025 #FMGE2025 #USMLEprep #MedStudentLife #BloodPressure #HighBloodPressure #HypertensionManagement #EssentialHypertension #SecondaryHypertension #MedicineMadeEasy #CardiologyConcepts #DoctorsOfInstagram #YouTubeDoctors #ClinicalMedicine #MedicalEducationIndia #MedPrep2025