Chemical Bonding 2 | Covalent bonding, shapes, polarity, VSEPR

Welcome to Day 12 of the 50 Days of Tutelage series. Unlike ionic bonding where electrons are completely transferred, many elements achieve stability by sharing electrons. This lesson breaks down regular covalent bonding and its specialized variation, the dative (coordinate) covalent bond. We walk through the core concepts in a simple, step-by-step flow: • The Principle of Sharing: How non-metal atoms combine by sharing valence electrons to complete their octet or duplet states, forming single, double, or triple bonds. • Polar vs. Non-Polar Bonds: Why an unequal sharing of electrons occurs when one atom is more electronegative than the other, creating molecular dipoles. • What is a Dative (Coordinate) Bond?: Understanding the special case where the shared pair of electrons comes entirely from one of the bonding atoms (the donor) rather than both. • Examples of Dative Bonding: A clear look at how dative bonds form in common ions and molecules like the ammonium ion (NH_4^+) and the hydronium ion (H_3O^+), utilizing lone pairs. #Chemistry #ChemicalBonding #CovalentBond #DativeBond #InorganicChemistry #STEM #50DaysOfTutelage