Antibiotics | Pharmacology | BAMS |English|Dravya Guna | NCISM syllabus | #pharmacology #bams #dg

ANTIBIOTICS (ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS) WORD MEANING ANTI + BIOTIC • Anti = Against • Biotic = Life (Living organisms) Antibiotics are substances that act against microorganisms, especially bacteria. DEFINITION Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms or synthesized chemically that kill (bactericidal) or inhibit (bacteriostatic) the growth of bacteria. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF AN ANTIBIOTIC An ideal antibiotic should have: 1. Selective toxicity – Toxic to bacteria but safe to host. 2. Broad-spectrum activity – Effective against many microorganisms. 3. Good tissue penetration – Reaches site of infection. 4. Minimal adverse effects. 5. Low tendency to develop resistance. 6. Easy administration and convenient dosage. 7. Cost-effective. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS (Based on Mechanism of Action) ANTIBIOTICS │ ├── 1.Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors │ ├─ Penicillins │ ├─ Cephalosporins │ └─ Vancomycin │ ├── 2.Protein Synthesis Inhibitors │ ├─ Tetracyclines │ ├─ Macrolides │ └─ Chloramphenicol │ ├── 3.Aminoglycosides │ ├─ Gentamicin │ └─ Amikacin │ ├── 4.DNA/RNA Synthesis Inhibitors │ ├─ Ciprofloxacin │ ├─ Rifampicin │ └─ Metronidazole │ ├── 5.Antimetabolites │ └─ Co-trimoxazole │ └── 6.Cell Membrane Damaging Agents ├─ Colistin └─ Polymyxin B MECHANISM OF ACTION 1. CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS • Inhibit bacterial cell wall formation. • Cause bacterial lysis and death. • Examples: Penicillins, Cephalosporins 2.PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS • Act on bacterial ribosomes. • Inhibit protein synthesis. • Examples: Azithromycin, Doxycycline 3.AMINOGLYCOSIDES • Cause misreading of mRNA. • Produce abnormal proteins leading to bacterial death. • Examples: Gentamicin, Amikacin 4.DNA/RNA SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS • Inhibit DNA replication or RNA synthesis. • Examples: Ciprofloxacin, Rifampicin, Metronidazole 5.ANTIMETABOLITES • Inhibit folic acid synthesis. • Example: Co-trimoxazole 6.CELL MEMBRANE DAMAGING AGENTS • Increase membrane permeability causing cell death. • Examples: Colistin, Polymyxin B THERAPEUTIC USES 1. Respiratory tract infections 2. Urinary tract infections 3. Gastrointestinal infections 4. Skin and soft tissue infections 5. Tuberculosis 6. Septicemia and systemic infections ADVERSE EFFECTS • Allergy and anaphylaxis (Penicillins) • Nephrotoxicity (Aminoglycosides) • Ototoxicity (Gentamicin) • Teeth discoloration (Tetracyclines) • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea • Development of resistance ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Definition Antibiotic resistance is the ability of microorganisms to survive and multiply despite antibiotic therapy. Causes • Irrational use of antibiotics • Self-medication • Incomplete treatment • Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics #ayurveda #dravyaguna #bams #ncismsyllabus #bums #ayush #dg #academicprogram #2ndphase #pharmacology